The original blood-line genetically engineered by Enki to inherit the kingships vacated by the departing Anunnaki gods.. The original secret lineage called the “Blue Bloods”, who once ruled overtly but now try to rule covertly, using secret societies.
This is the first ‘Great Reset’ for you, but this is far from the first ‘great reset’ to occur in this world. In fact, they occur approximately every 200 years, going back in history over 3,000 years, to the time of the departure of the ‘Latter Gods’, the Anunnaki. These galactic space miners found gold on the planet, now known as Earth, over 450,000 years ago and subsequently colonialized the planet as their own, not unlike the British Crown, only on a larger scale. The ‘annual cycle’ for the home planet of the Anunnaki is 3,600 Earth-years. They are only able to travel to Earth when they are at the orbital point of close proximity between the planets. They departed Earth around 1,000 BCE, but not before they genetically engineered a small ruling class, known as the homo capensis, the divine blue-blood race that rules to this day. Who do they rule? The homo sapiens, of course, the slave race genetically engineered to take over the labor in the gold mines and elsewhere.
Homo sapiens, the children of the Anunnaki gods, were left behind on this planet, under the rule of the kings and monarchs, who have absolute ruling authority endowed by the gods, the Anunnaki. They have ruled mankind for over 3,000 Earth-years. During this time, they have maintained the human population at about 500 million, and most of this time, rule was feudal, as it is now again becoming. The most recent ‘Reset’ goes back to the year 1812, the point at which the US took over hegemony and established a successful empire. Like all the prior empires, the first 100 years brought the enterprise to the pinnacle and the second 100 years brought the empire to total corruption and destruction.
Not unlike the Romans and the Greeks, the US has had its last ‘hurrah’. Hegemony is now in the hands of the successor, which is China. During the US empirical period, the virtual reality system implemented for the period of Reset-1812, gave the illusion of freedom, democracy and private capital. The population, stable at the level of 500 million for centuries, was permitted to ‘hockey stick’ to almost 8 billion. This was an experiment in production management. A slave will produce reluctantly under force, but will produce willingly when under the guise of being free and producing for himself.
Yet, the boom and bust goes on and on within the Reset cycle.
Guest Post Peter Colt and the Great Reset
I don’t know much about him. However, I do know when somebody has nailed it. This guy’s no amateur, been a long time since I read analysis of a situation where I’m aware of all the facts that makes perfect sense. Peter even explains why your local Walmart shelves are empty. Merry Christmas… – JH
I’ll try to explain it again. They can’t have their Great Reset until they’ve destroyed everyone’s business and cost everyone their job. For if they were to simply close the world down, or allow the people to find out that the monetary system has collapsed and that they are already broke (their savings now being worthless), the people would revolt. That’s the reason for the fake pandemic. It’s there to make people believe that the shutdowns and the resulting economic disaster were unavoidable consequences of the ‘virus’, leaving people with no redress, or at least believing that they have none. The worldwide total economic breakdown started in earnest in September of 2019. The economic devastation is inevitable, but the people mustn’t be allowed to understand this lest they realize that it was the economic system itself that collapsed. The people must not be permitted to look into nor understand why the previous system’s collapse was inevitable or they’ll be able to assign blame where blame is due.
They can’t end the fake pandemic until ‘it’ has destroyed the economy completely. That’s what it is for; it’s a cover for the economic collapse that started over 1 year ago. They don’t want people to realize that the currency is now worthless. If the people knew the truth, we’d all literally be starving within a month. The worldwide credit system would collapse, there would be no delivery of food or fuel, etc because no one would accept our now worthless currency for their goods. That’s the reason that the fear level over this ‘pandemic’ must be kept at a maximum; anything less would cause people to wonder why a total shutdown was necessary. Unfortunately, instilling the greatest level of fear requires that people be made afraid of seeing even their loved-ones, hence the prohibition of gatherings even at Christmas.
This fake pandemic has been in the plans for well over a decade to be used as a means to mitigate the havoc that was unavoidable in the inevitable economic and monetary-system collapse that the powers-that-be knew was certain to come. After all, the world’s monetary system had been on death’s door since the mid-1990’s. It’s not a deep state ploy to ruin Donald Trump nor is it a plan by Trump to use the emergency to stay in power forever but don’t doubt for a minute that political parties are milking the ‘pandemic’ for all they can get out of it.
The reason for the non-essential-goods mandates at the retail level is to hide the fact that many of these goods are simply not available for re-stocking. We are in the midst of a full-blown worldwide economic collapse being papered over by money printing by the central banks. Many foreigners won’t be accepting our currency anymore, making it difficult to import many things. I know, people will say that China needs access to our markets but in reality they have reached the point where they (and their other trading partners) no longer need North America and the West, especially with our failing currencies. I expect that much trade with China and other places is only being carried on with by the government coughing-up a surplus premium to the payment just to get foreigners to sell to us. It would simply be part of the emergency bailout monies being printed so quickly these days by the hundreds of billions. You won’t hear about this on the news; any such action would be considered a matter of ‘national security’ and therefore subject to a publication ban (what the British call a ‘D’ notice).
Have you noticed that many things that used to come from China are suddenly coming from places like South Africa where their currency is suffering the same collapse as is ours? We can only maintain trade with others who are in the same boat as we are. Those with well-performing economies aren’t accepting our currency as payment.
Goods deemed non-essential are (for the most part) goods that would not be able to be replenished when the current stock runs out. The government can’t print enough extra currency, or guarantee enough favours, to subsidize every possible item that gets imported, and were the shelves to become bare it would lay out for all to see that our economy is finished. That is an unpleasant truth that the powers-that-be have been trying to hide from us for almost a year now. The ‘pandemic’ is their main instrument for covering up that truth.
There is a reason that they claim that this ‘pandemic’ originated in China; and that’s because China is where the majority of our manufactured goods come from. Now they have the justification for telling our manufacturers that they must re-locate out of China. The USA is being quite adamant about this. Like I said, foreign nations don’t want to accept our worthless currency as payment nor will they want to accept whatever new currency we come up with. Therefore, Western nations must once again start manufacturing all of their own goods.
It’s high time for both a back-to-work protest amongst those who have been shut down and a strike of the ‘essential workers’. You’ve got nothing to lose that you’re not already scheduled to lose in their master plan the ‘great reset’. If I were you, I’d get out now and make the best of what time is left for preparation; whether it be with family, or just with yourself in steeling yourself for the battle to come. You’ll have to be able to look yourself in the mirror in the future and say “I tried, I didn’t just ride out the clock until doomsday came playing along with their sick game”.
The economy (the monetary system) is finished, that’s the whole reason for this fake pandemic (it’s a cover story). We’ve already had everything stolen from us society just isn’t aware of that fact yet. So keeping on working isn’t going to save our homes or our life savings; they’re already gone, the paperwork (the great reset) just hasn’t been presented to us yet. The only thing that can perhaps be saved is our dignity and freedom to start over as we see fit. But this will only happen if we stand-up right now, together, in defiance; whether that means quitting work so that our friends and family finally see that the situation needs to be taken seriously, or re-open our businesses and damn the consequences, which will also let the message be known to those in denial that this is deadly serious. Playing ‘their’ game is only going to lead us directly into the trap they have set for us.
The monetary system was already dead. In August 2019 it was revealed that the big US banks started refusing to deal with one another under the Interbank Overnight Repurchase System unless they were willing to pay each other a 500% premium on their usual fees. The FED was forced to step in and pony up $105 BILLION per night. By March 2020 the FED was ponying up $225 BILLION per night. Remember, this is just what was happening in the USA; the rest of the world was in the same quagmire. This fake pandemic was instigated to hide the truth. They could blame the shutdown of business on the virus instead of actually having the businesses collapse. It was brilliant. They managed to keep food on everyone’s table, most people being none the wiser that they were on the brink of total collapse. Now they’ve grabbed emergency control of the printing presses; especially in the US where the FED has been commandeered by the Treasury. They’ll print money to keep the economy afloat while insisting that all exports are paid for in Gold. Building the gold reserves until they have enough to transition, very-temporarily, to a gold-backed currency which will soon after be replaced with a currency backed solely by the productivity of the American worker and the demand for U.S. made goods. Canada will print money to infinity too, until they’re Zimbabwe, then they will likely have no choice but to join the USA. The citizens will demand it just to get some relief from the crushing poverty and debt load. All part of the damned North American Union plan that’s been in the works for decades.
Anyone who thinks that the debt-fueled spending isn’t necessary doesn’t understand what is happening. It’s the only thing keeping food on your table in this economic collapse. At this point, without government intervention, the credit markets would dry up, the shelves would be bare, fuel would be unavailable because no suppliers would be accepting payment in any form other than gold (therefore the entire economy would grind to a halt). This debt will never be repaid, a FIAT currency is a debt by nature and can never be repaid, but that doesn’t matter anymore. You’re witnessing “The Great Reset”. So far, it has been managed well (that’s what the fake pandemic is covering for). I hate that this is happening, but it was inevitable ever since ‘we’ let central banks and FIAT currencies rule our economy.
Again, you must understand what’s happening now. CERB, for instance, put food on people’s tables. I know, most people say that if it weren’t for the shutdown CERB wouldn’t have been necessary but they’re wrong. If the government wasn’t pouring out money, guaranteeing that interest rates stay at zero or perhaps go negative, backstop all of the banks (which by the way are all insolvent), and fund (by subsidizing) many other things that haven’t even come to light yet, the people would literally be starving.
A brave call to arms. Mr. C. offers economic insight, which is compelling, but as Zen correctly observes, this is now beyond economics. For the globalist, economics were always a path to control, not an end in themselves. Their economic plan can be summed up in one word, centralization. A good argument can be made that the economic crisis was made inevitable with the establishment of debt as assets after the success of the Crusade in Spain. Double entry banking became encoded into Jewish monetary structure, which was foundational with the establishment of the bank of England 400 years ago. Such is the crux of the current erroneously described capitalist system, which is in truth nothing more than a semi-controlled destruction and devastation strategy. Whatever we choose to call it is moot, because it is dead. All Abrahamics deliver to you fancifully made-up corpses, and their excuse for an economic system is no different. MK
These galactic space miners found gold on the planet, now known as Earth, over 450,000 years ago and subsequently colonialized the planet as their own, not unlike the British Crown, only on a larger scale. The ‘annual cycle’ for the home planet of the Anunnaki is 3,600 Earth-years. They departed Earth around 1,000 BCE, but not before they genetically engineered a small ruling class, known as the homo capensis, the divine blue-blood race that rules to this day. Who do they rule? The homo sapiens, of course, the slave race genetically engineered to take over the labor in the gold mines and elsewhere.
Homo sapiens, the children of the Anunnaki gods, were left behind on this planet, under the rule of the kings and monarchs, who have absolute ruling authority endowed by the gods, the Anunnaki. They have ruled mankind for over 3,000 Earth-years. During this time, they have maintained the human population at about 500 million, and most of this time, rule was feudal, as it is now again becoming. The most recent ‘Reset’ goes back to the year 1812, the point at which the US took over hegemony and established a successful empire. Like all the prior empires, the first 100 years brought the enterprise to the pinnacle and the second 100 years brought the empire to total corruption and destruction.
Not unlike the Romans and the Greeks, the US has had its last ‘hurrah’. Hegemony is now in the hands of the successor, which is China. During the US empirical period, the virtual reality system implemented around the period of 1812, gave the illusion of freedom, democracy and private capital. The population, stable at the level of 500 million for centuries, was permitted to ‘hockey stick’ to almost 8 billion. This was an experiment in production management. A slave will produce reluctantly under force, but will produce willingly when under the guise of being free and producing for himself.
Yet, the boom and bust goes on and on within the Reset cycle.
Guest Post Peter Colt and the Great Reset
I don’t know much about him. However, I do know when somebody has nailed it. This guy’s no amateur, been a long time since I read analysis of a situation where I’m aware of all the facts that makes perfect sense. Peter even explains why your local Walmart shelves are empty. Merry Christmas… – JH
I’ll try to explain it again. They can’t have their Great Reset until they’ve destroyed everyone’s business and cost everyone their job. For if they were to simply close the world down, or allow the people to find out that the monetary system has collapsed and that they are already broke (their savings now being worthless), the people would revolt. That’s the reason for the fake pandemic. It’s there to make people believe that the shutdowns and the resulting economic disaster were unavoidable consequences of the ‘virus’, leaving people with no redress, or at least believing that they have none. The worldwide total economic breakdown started in earnest in September of 2019. The economic devastation is inevitable, but the people mustn’t be allowed to understand this lest they realize that it was the economic system itself that collapsed. The people must not be permitted to look into nor understand why the previous system’s collapse was inevitable or they’ll be able to assign blame where blame is due.
They can’t end the fake pandemic until ‘it’ has destroyed the economy completely. That’s what it is for; it’s a cover for the economic collapse that started over 1 year ago. They don’t want people to realize that the currency is now worthless. If the people knew the truth, we’d all literally be starving within a month. The worldwide credit system would collapse, there would be no delivery of food or fuel, etc because no one would accept our now worthless currency for their goods. That’s the reason that the fear level over this ‘pandemic’ must be kept at a maximum; anything less would cause people to wonder why a total shutdown was necessary. Unfortunately, instilling the greatest level of fear requires that people be made afraid of seeing even their loved-ones, hence the prohibition of gatherings even at Christmas.
This fake pandemic has been in the plans for well over a decade to be used as a means to mitigate the havoc that was unavoidable in the inevitable economic and monetary-system collapse that the powers-that-be knew was certain to come. After all, the world’s monetary system had been on death’s door since the mid-1990’s. It’s not a deep state ploy to ruin Donald Trump nor is it a plan by Trump to use the emergency to stay in power forever but don’t doubt for a minute that political parties are milking the ‘pandemic’ for all they can get out of it.
The reason for the non-essential-goods mandates at the retail level is to hide the fact that many of these goods are simply not available for re-stocking. We are in the midst of a full-blown worldwide economic collapse being papered over by money printing by the central banks. Many foreigners won’t be accepting our currency anymore, making it difficult to import many things. I know, people will say that China needs access to our markets but in reality they have reached the point where they (and their other trading partners) no longer need North America and the West, especially with our failing currencies. I expect that much trade with China and other places is only being carried on with by the government coughing-up a surplus premium to the payment just to get foreigners to sell to us. It would simply be part of the emergency bailout monies being printed so quickly these days by the hundreds of billions. You won’t hear about this on the news; any such action would be considered a matter of ‘national security’ and therefore subject to a publication ban (what the British call a ‘D’ notice).
Have you noticed that many things that used to come from China are suddenly coming from places like South Africa where their currency is suffering the same collapse as is ours? We can only maintain trade with others who are in the same boat as we are. Those with well-performing economies aren’t accepting our currency as payment.
Goods deemed non-essential are (for the most part) goods that would not be able to be replenished when the current stock runs out. The government can’t print enough extra currency, or guarantee enough favours, to subsidize every possible item that gets imported, and were the shelves to become bare it would lay out for all to see that our economy is finished. That is an unpleasant truth that the powers-that-be have been trying to hide from us for almost a year now. The ‘pandemic’ is their main instrument for covering up that truth.
There is a reason that they claim that this ‘pandemic’ originated in China; and that’s because China is where the majority of our manufactured goods come from. Now they have the justification for telling our manufacturers that they must re-locate out of China. The USA is being quite adamant about this. Like I said, foreign nations don’t want to accept our worthless currency as payment nor will they want to accept whatever new currency we come up with. Therefore, Western nations must once again start manufacturing all of their own goods.
It’s high time for both a back-to-work protest amongst those who have been shut down and a strike of the ‘essential workers’. You’ve got nothing to lose that you’re not already scheduled to lose in their master plan the ‘great reset’. If I were you, I’d get out now and make the best of what time is left for preparation; whether it be with family, or just with yourself in steeling yourself for the battle to come. You’ll have to be able to look yourself in the mirror in the future and say “I tried, I didn’t just ride out the clock until doomsday came playing along with their sick game”.
The economy (the monetary system) is finished, that’s the whole reason for this fake pandemic (it’s a cover story). We’ve already had everything stolen from us society just isn’t aware of that fact yet. So keeping on working isn’t going to save our homes or our life savings; they’re already gone, the paperwork (the great reset) just hasn’t been presented to us yet. The only thing that can perhaps be saved is our dignity and freedom to start over as we see fit. But this will only happen if we stand-up right now, together, in defiance; whether that means quitting work so that our friends and family finally see that the situation needs to be taken seriously, or re-open our businesses and damn the consequences, which will also let the message be known to those in denial that this is deadly serious. Playing ‘their’ game is only going to lead us directly into the trap they have set for us.
The monetary system was already dead. In August 2019 it was revealed that the big US banks started refusing to deal with one another under the Interbank Overnight Repurchase System unless they were willing to pay each other a 500% premium on their usual fees. The FED was forced to step in and pony up $105 BILLION per night. By March 2020 the FED was ponying up $225 BILLION per night. Remember, this is just what was happening in the USA; the rest of the world was in the same quagmire. This fake pandemic was instigated to hide the truth. They could blame the shutdown of business on the virus instead of actually having the businesses collapse. It was brilliant. They managed to keep food on everyone’s table, most people being none the wiser that they were on the brink of total collapse. Now they’ve grabbed emergency control of the printing presses; especially in the US where the FED has been commandeered by the Treasury. They’ll print money to keep the economy afloat while insisting that all exports are paid for in Gold. Building the gold reserves until they have enough to transition, very-temporarily, to a gold-backed currency which will soon after be replaced with a currency backed solely by the productivity of the American worker and the demand for U.S. made goods. Canada will print money to infinity too, until they’re Zimbabwe, then they will likely have no choice but to join the USA. The citizens will demand it just to get some relief from the crushing poverty and debt load. All part of the damned North American Union plan that’s been in the works for decades.
Anyone who thinks that the debt-fueled spending isn’t necessary doesn’t understand what is happening. It’s the only thing keeping food on your table in this economic collapse. At this point, without government intervention, the credit markets would dry up, the shelves would be bare, fuel would be unavailable because no suppliers would be accepting payment in any form other than gold (therefore the entire economy would grind to a halt). This debt will never be repaid, a FIAT currency is a debt by nature and can never be repaid, but that doesn’t matter anymore. You’re witnessing “The Great Reset”. So far, it has been managed well (that’s what the fake pandemic is covering for). I hate that this is happening, but it was inevitable ever since ‘we’ let central banks and FIAT currencies rule our economy.
Again, you must understand what’s happening now. CERB, for instance, put food on people’s tables. I know, most people say that if it weren’t for the shutdown CERB wouldn’t have been necessary but they’re wrong. If the government wasn’t pouring out money, guaranteeing that interest rates stay at zero or perhaps go negative, backstop all of the banks (which by the way are all insolvent), and fund (by subsidizing) many other things that haven’t even come to light yet, the people would literally be starving.
A brave call to arms. Mr. C. offers economic insight, which is compelling, but as Zen correctly observes, this is now beyond economics. For the globalist, economics were always a path to control, not an end in themselves. Their economic plan can be summed up in one word, centralization. A good argument can be made that the economic crisis was made inevitable with the establishment of debt as assets after the success of the Crusade in Spain. Double entry banking became encoded into Jewish monetary structure, which was foundational with the establishment of the bank of England 400 years ago. Such is the crux of the current erroneously described capitalist system, which is in truth nothing more than a semi-controlled destruction and devastation strategy. Whatever we choose to call it is moot, because it is dead. All Abrahamics deliver to you fancifully made-up corpses, and their excuse for an economic system is no different. MK
The chronology of events made by Zecharia Sitchin from his translation of “The Sumerian Tablets”.
The ‘Sumerian’ tablets are copies of the original Anunnaki tablets that were lost in the great flood. The events are divided in two categories: pre-flood and post-flood . In my opinion, Sitchin’s translations are genuine (with likely some minor mistakes, of course) and he struggled his entire life to make them available to the world.
Regarding the Anunnaki’ written history, the interpretations are increasingly accurate as more scholars spend more time on the project, which is currently only in its infancy.
I’m sure that the history of the reptilian Anunnaki performing genetic upgrades of the homo Erectus, using their own sperm, to create homo sapiens, as a slave-race, as well as subsequent ongoing further manipulations are the important parts of our true history. Along the course of time, Enki genetically created the homo sapiens sapiens (Cro-Magnons) as well as the homo capensis, blue-blood Royals to rule us after their earthly departure.
Pre-flood.
450,000 BCE
Nibiru’s atmosphere began deteriorating, becoming hostile to life due to insufficient filtering of cosmic radiation. Due to inability to resolve the problem, King Alalu was dethroned by Anu. Hoping to get the throne back, Alalu landed on Terra (Earth) with a craft, searching for gold (needed to repair Nibiru’s damaged atmosphere). The gold was to be converted to monatomic gold, a fine white powder possessing the characteristic of slightly negative gravity. Dispersed in the atmoshpere, this monatomic gold would increase the filtering capacity of the atmosphere. Gold was needed in vast quantities.
(Modern science reached the same conclusions without knowing the Sumerian stories. According to our scientists we can use gold nanoparticles to repair Earth’s damaged ozone layer. After hearing this, Sitchin stated that the Sumerian tablets were always accurate and never disappointed him. As a truth seeker, I was very pleased to see him having the “I told you so” smile on his face.)
445,000 BCE
Anunnaki extraterrestrials landed on Terra and established their base, named Eridu, wanting to extract gold from the Persian Gulf. They were led by Enki, one of Anu’s sons, the eldest.
430,000 BCE
Earth, recovering from an ice-age, became partly hospitable again, thanks to the warming weather. The Anunnakis came in great numbers on Earth (approximately 1000). They were led by Enki’s step sister. She was a doctor and had a leading rank.
416,000 BCE
The gold production was disappointingly low, which made Anu come to Earth at the next shar, coming to close Terra proximity. Together with him came his other son, Enlil. Anu decided the mining to take place in Africa and promoted Enlil to be in-charge of the Terran mission. Enki was sent to SE Africa. When he was about to leave Terra, Anu was attacked by Alalu’s nephew, who was defeated and banished.
400,000 BCE
In Southern Mesopotamia were seven developed villages. The most important were: The “Sipar” Spaceport, The “Nippur” Mission Control Center and the Metallurgy Centre, “Shuruppak”. The ore was transported from Africa in crafts. After the metal was refined it was sent up into orbit. From there, it was loaded in ships, which were constantly coming from Nibiru each shar (point of close proximity, when Nibiru was within the solar system of Terra. Igigi were responsible for the delivery of the finished product as well as the actual mining of the ore.
380,000 BCE
Igigi support Alalu’s nephew who tries to take over Terra. In the end Anu wins the war.
300,000 BCE
Igigii revolted against their masters because the work in the mines was too hard and ceaseless (my note: please read “The true human history” article for the detailed explanation). Enki and Ninhursag had to find other workers. They took DNA samples from a female ape, homo erectus, and after genetic manipulations using the sperm of Enki, the first Homo Sapiens were bred, gestated by Anunnaki’ females, wives of the officer corp. The humans were raised to adulthood, then put to work to replace the Igigi workers. With ample slave workers at last, Enlil brought primitive workers (homo sapiens) from the Edin, Africa (note: Initially, homo sapiens lacked the ability to procreate, but Enki made the solution. Homo Sapiens could now procreate, so they began to proliferate.
200,000 BCE
A new Ice Age, the Lesser Dryas, struck Earth. Life regressed.
100,000 BCE
The climate turned warm again. The Igigi, freed from the toil of the mines, found the human females to be fair (attractive) and begun interbreeding. This made Enlil angry. He called these the “Fallen Angels” but did not specifically forbid the practice. From this were born the Nephilim hybrids, many giants among men, the “Mighty Men”.
75,000 BCE
A new Ice Age struck Earth and the weather was cold again. The Cro-Magnon human and the Nephilim survived.
49,000 BCE
Enki and Ninhursag decided to choose human leaders for Shuruppak, but they choose ONLY from those who had Anunnaki parents (note: this is another very important moment). This made Enlil very angry and he decided to exterminate the entire human population. Enki and Ninhursag regarded the homo sapiens as their children and continued to make genetic improvements of the species.
13,000 BCE
Enlil knew that Nibiru will pass close to Earth and a catastrophe will be struck. He understood that giant waves will flood Terra and kill the human and Nephilim hybrid population. He makes the Anunnaki swear not to tell this to the humans.
Interpretation: The Sumerians wrote the first tablets as narrated by the reptilians. The first events are generally true, in my opinion. How the reptilians came to Earth, how Anu took over Nibiru’s throne by challenging and defeating Alalu, etc. I’m sure that Nibiru is not their original or only home planet, though. They lived on many planets like kings, enslaving the native species who considered them gods.
Before I can continue to the “Post flood” events, I want to add a few more things about the Reptilian Anunnaki, for a better understanding of events.
You’ve probably already noticed the exceptional longevity of the Anunnaki. We find many of the same figures mentioned over the extremely long time-span. While the mentioned humans lived their normal allotted lifespans of 150 years (as designed by Enki), the same Anunnaki leaders appear over hundreds of thousands of years, proving they are semi-immortal, at least in the eyes of humans. For example, Enki ruled over Earth for 120 SARs. (1 SAR = 3,600 earth-years and represents one complete Orbit of Nibiru. 120 x 3,600 = 432,000 Earth-Years).
The Anunnaki do not suffer from disease or cellular aging, thus may rule Earth from their home planet today through their surrogate homo capensis Royals. Enki designed human DNA with telomeres, which are little-by-little consumed in the process of mitosis. All Eukaryotic life on this planet have a controlled life span to match loosely with the collective system. Otherwise, the planet would soon be over run. When the telomeres are consumed, the Eukaryotic cells can no longer reproduce, termed cellular aging. We originally lived our life-spans of 150 years without disease and died from cellular aging, as planned. This was a safety valve that Enlil imposed to assuage his concern that humans would multiply out of control, soon reaching a million, at which point he feared they could overwhelm the 1000 Anunnaki by sheer force of numbers. A risk he was not willing to take.
You will notice that they have allowed “hybrids” (those resulting from the interbreeding between Anunnaki males and human females) to assist them with certain areas of management and administration, these called now, in translation, by the title Priests. These Priests were not involved in any superstitious religious business, but were educated and trained to be able to control the ignorant masses and relieve them of tedious tasks. Whenever things got loose they always came back to establish their order. The Anunnaki always controlled the events from the shadows. The wars between humans were bloody, but each time the Anunnaki got involved, cities or even civilizations were wiped out completely using nuclear weapons. Wars were always one of the convenient means to reduce excess human population. The mating of Anunnaki Royals with human females produced off-spring with notably longer life-spans, such as Methusalah and Noah.
The three shapes of the Anunnaki gods
The Anunnaki rulers have been depicted in 3 different forms by the Sumerians:
a). The human form.
b). The bird form – The Anunnaki have been depicted as man-birds many times, having wings and hawk heads. This depiction may be interpreted as someone wearing a helmet and having the power of flight. For a civilization who lived 10,000 years ago that’s a pretty good depiction of someone able to fly, even if by space craft.
(Both depictions present them having the pine cone in the right hand, the symbol of Illumination and supreme knowledge. The pine cone represents the PINEAL GLAND, also known as the third eye, or the ‘Eye of Hours’ by the Egyptians. This is still visible today in most Illuminati institutions, including the Vatican’s courtyard and encrusted onto the Papal staff).
c). The most important for us is the Reptilian shape. Whenever the Summerians depicted the Anunnaki as warriors (or whenever they got angry), they have portrayed them in Reptilian form. Isn’t this the perfect example of shapeshifting? To be easily accepted by the humans, they kept the human appearance; but why the reptilians shape when angry? There are two plausible explanations for this.
Firstly, humans lose their emotional control whenever they get aroused or angry, so possibly the same happens to the Reptilians (We can also add that our reptilian brain is much smaller than theirs. A bigger reptilian brain may amplify the negative emotions. Read about the human part of the brain called: “the reptilian brain” and its purpose).
Secondly, they could intentionally switch to the reptilian shape to become frightening to their enemies (A Reptilian Anunnaki is 3 m in height, dark gray or greenish scaly skin, big ashy reptilian eyes, muscular bodies, sharp teeth and claws, dark brown spikes on their backs. Some have powerful tails and even small “gorgon type” wings).
I’ve read from multiple sources that no one was allowed to depict them in their true reptilian shape. Those few depictions that survived to our days were probably made in secret. So, instead of depicting them in their true shape, they’ve invented different reptilian-like gods (serpents, crocodiles, dragons, etc.).
This explanation fits with our history. All our ancestors worshiped or feared gods and other ‘out-of-this-world’ reptilian creatures, like: serpent gods, feathered snakes, dragons, human-crocodiles, etc.
Sumerian statues depicting the Anunnaki in their reptilian form. Very rare statues.
Events after the flood
The Council, having decided to allow all humans and Nephilim to be obliterated by the tsunami, swore all to secrecy. Enki had a son with a human female, producing a hybrid named Ziusudra (also known as Utnapistim and Noah). He was very close to this son, and anguished with his vow of secrecy. He finally discussed the impending tsunami with his wife, but within earshot of this son. When Noah approached him later, telling of overhearing the prediction, he decided to teach him how to build a safe boat for him and his family, and to take DNA from many animals and plants to replenish the earth after the flood. Nibiru’s close passage upset the melting polar ice caps and the expected tsunami occurred. The Anunnaki watched the events from on board their orbiting ships. After the waters withdrew, they returned to the surface and discovered survivors. Fatalistic by nature, Enlil agreed to provide tools and seeds to the surviving human population. They began cultivating the high lands. Enki taught them how to domesticate animals, metallurgy, how to design and construct buildings and all other types of skills needed for their future survival. The Anunnaki decided to remain on earth for 3 more shars, about 10,000 earth-years. During this time, Ningishzida, the youngest son of Enki decided to go to all parts of the world, bringing civilization, culture, learning and technology to as many places as possible. First, he ruled Egypt, there known as Thoth (of Emerald Tablets fame).
(Anunnaki king – Ninurta, son of Enki, wearing templar cross medallion at his neck, watch or another device at his left wrist, pressing buttons on a device/machine. Our entire history revolves on their symbols and habits that we really don’t know anything about. They’ve replicated many things from their home planets on Earth.)
10,500 BC
Ziusudra’s descendants received three regions. Ninurta, Enki’s son, made for them fertile lands, by building dams and drying up rivers. Enki himself made Nile’s Valley arable. The Sinai Peninsula was transformed into the new spaceport. The Anunnaki built a Control Center on the Moriah Mountain, the future Jerusalem.
9,780 BC
Rule of Egypt was arranged by Enki such that he and his sons each has a prescribed term of office. Enki’s first born, named Marduck (known as Ra in Egypt), divided Egypt’s rule between Osiris and Seth.
9,330 BC
Seth captured Osiris and killed him by cutting his body into pieces. He became the sole ruler of Egypt, as such.
(This has much to do with the Illuminati worship. The thousands obelisks all over the planet represent Osiris’ fallus, cut off by Seth, but never found).
(Seth in his human form; with Hathor) Please notice the serpents getting out from their third eyes, as sign of their reptilian origins and the Sun from above their heads as proof of enlightenment. They had the true knowledge, they were Illuminati = The enlighten ones.
(Seth in his non human form. Please keep in mind that no civilizations had the right to depict the Anunnaki in their reptilian form. So, every civilization found their own methods of showing that their gods were not humans).
All Egyptian gods had non-human forms with Suns and serpents on their head. All carried staffs in their hands. Actually, all important figures in our history carried staffs: kings, priests, popes, high ranking army officers, etc. What do they REALLY mean and what was their use in the past?
(Right Side: Egyptian Gods with serpents and Suns above their heads. The male is Sobek, the “crocodile” god with reptilian head).
8,970 BC
Horus, the son of Osiris avenged is father, initiating the first war of the pyramids. Seth managed to escape by running into Asia. Horus took the Sinai Peninsula and the Canaan.
8,670 BC
Enlil’s descendants were angry that Enki’s descendants controlled all the airports, so they initiated the second war of the pyramids. Ninurta won the battle and took the entire battery of equipment from inside the pyramids. Ninhursag organized a peace conference. Egypt’s leadership was taken over by Thoth’s descendants. The Marduk (Ra) dynasty lost its power. The Heliopolis was built.
(Heliopolis was ancient Egypt’s most magnificent temple. After Osiris was killed and cut into pieces, the only part of his body that was never found was his phallus. The obelisk was a representation of his phallus, built as a temple in his memory. All the obelisks found on Earth are the Illuminati obsession with the worship of Osiris, their killed pure blood ancestor. Today we have hundreds of obelisks built by the Illuminati all over the world. They’ve also brought from Egypt the surviving originals and placed them in public places all over the planet (Italy, Vatican, UK, etc.). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisk Just as intriguing are the are obelisk shaped buildings found all over the planet, that always have in the vicinity a dome shaped building; or planned to be built soon. More to the point, all churches have obelisks and domes integrated in their architecture. I also want to mention the reptilian looking gorgons watching us from the rooftops of the most important cathedrals).
7,400 BC
This was a time of peace. The Anunnaki revealed new knowledge to the humans. Egypt was ruled entirely by hybrid-gods (demigods), the Pharaohs.
(Demigod = Humans – reptilian blood; Reptilian father and human mother. Also known as human-reptilian hybrids);
3,800 BC
The Anunnaki decided to rebuild the cities of the Sumerian gods. The civilization flourished. The first rebuilt cities being Eridu and Nippur.
Anu came to visit Earth. For this event the city of Uruk was rebuilt. Uruk’s temple was dedicated to the goddess Inanna, who was Anu’s niece.
(Eridu, probable depictions)
Please keep in mind that this is the Sumerian history re-written on tablets, copies of the original tablets written by the Anunnaki, but lost in the floods. Although more than a million tablets have been recovered by archeologists, and they clearly provide the factual and historical basis for the jewish bibles, humans have been brain-washed by their rulers into buying the obviously fabricated fictitious bible stories over the obviously unaltered and accurate tablets recovered from the true historical sites. How do you figure this out?
The important buildings where the Anunnaki lived, were huge constructions meant to last forever, the same as the clay tablets. How long do you think your written or paper accounts will survive? Not to mention the alterations by Kings and Priests over the centuries. Enormous Anunnaki temples, with superior technology to that of present today, still stand in witness to the truth. Think and you will understand how the Reptilians lived in no shortage of any kind. Meanwhile they were also building the secret underground cities in which they live today.
Note: This story will be continued in further chapters.
The global shutdown, enacted by the Architects of the Plandemic, required misdirection, carried out with the skill of a magician: Lure the audience into hypnotic focus on a single object as they rolled out their agenda in veils of concealment. Like the lead up to a grand finale, the Masters of Illusion hooked the audience’s attention with one dazzling move after another. First, with the virus breaking out of China showing people falling dead in the streets and hospitals overrun with bodies. Then, with the worldwide epidemic infecting cruise ships and decimating industries.
Next, they imposed fear of the unknown with “asymptomatic” carriers. At each turn there was a new trick. They sold Vaccines made at “Warp Speed” as the only solution; the only way to “return to normal.” They planted more seeds of doubt to keep eyeballs glued on COVID-19 with an endless stream of news bytes on wearing masks, social distancing, and the CDC’s new “Twindemic” coming this flu season.
They weaponized Big Media, while directing the Tech Giants to ban, censor, and erase opposing narratives. They controlled the news. They controlled the information. They controlled the people. Take your eye off the magic wand and one can see the coronavirus serving two purposes:
First, the Architects used it to distract people from discovering the underlying cause of the virus-blamed illnesses. Second, it allowed the rollout of 5G infrastructure on earth and in the sky. The world had been hoodwinked. Using the shelter-in-place orders as cover, telecom contractors installed 5G equipment and networks in empty schools and offices, while many businesses switched on surveillance spacing and tracking apps, electrifying the environment with non-ionizing radiation. With few eyes on the stealth rollout of 5G in 2020, they erected cell towers camouflaged as trees and cacti, and hidden on lamp-posts in the suburbs. The Architects did all of this and more, neither informing the public about the true nature of their plan nor seeking their consent to being exposed in the greatest biological experiment in human history.
The majority of people around the world have little idea they are being doused daily with non-ionizing radiation from space, where they live, and where they travel. Add WIFI, laptops, smartphones and new tracing and spacing apps, and the exposure to millimeter waves have grown exponentially. Soon 5G wireless technology will be everywhere. An omnipresent eye.
The end goal of what the World Economic Forum’s Klaus Schwab wrote in the Fourth Industrial Revolution report in 2016, aims to transition societies to run on data while be controlled by AI and automation. The onramp of smart vehicles, smart homes, smart buildings, smart factories, and smart cities will one day connect consumers, businesses, and industries in the 6G web of Nikola Tesla’s digital “ether.” Selling the promise of magnitudes of efficiency gains and super-fast download speeds, what’s rarely discussed are the darker elements of the cashless society or the 24/7 surveillance state. Convenience traded in for absolute control. But what is not talked about are the health impacts of living and working in the “hot” environment.
Test Case: Wuhan, China. The industrial hub of 11 million people became the first 5G city in Asia.
On the same October 18, 2019, day as the Gates Foundation-sponsored Event 201 simulated a coronavirus pandemic killing 65 million people, Wuhan hosted the World Military Games. During the two-week expo, Wuhan turned on 20 percent of its 10,000 base stations that all went live by year end. Was it a coincidence that the COVID-19 outbreak occurred in the world’s first 5G hot spot city? Or that many of its citizens dropped dead in the street, their brains starved of oxygen, an ailment known as hypoxia or acute mountain sickness? Does this remind anyone of the earlier tests of 5G where millions of birds suddenly dropped from the sky, dead, in the 5G zone. Or herds of elephants suddenly dropped dead in the 5G zone in Africa. Why the enormous push to get the African continent saturated with 5G towers? Is Africa the hub of high technology with millions of businesses being threatened by lack of internet bandwidth? Not exactly.
The next outbreak occurred on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship in February. With one person out of 3,700 people on the ship said to be infected with coronavirus when it docked in Japan for quarantine, the shelter-in-cabin order backfired. In two weeks, COVID-19 spread like wildfire infecting 712 people on board, almost one fifth the total head count. Or, was this due simply to running more tests, all ‘positive’ ultimately, because everybody has hundreds of trillions of viruses of every type in their bodies at all times. So, all tests are ‘positives’.
How did that happen? The world health experts could only venture a guess. Food? HVAC duct systems? Anything but the truth. What was left out of the probe of the Diamond Princess, however, and three of its sister ships: Princesses Cruises was the first cruise line to become a wireless hot spot. Late last year, the four ships installed Medallion Net, a dual-satellite system using near-earth orbit and geosynchronous satellites to beam WIFI down to the vessels crossing the vast open space of oceans.
The Grand Princess, which docked in Oakland, California, avoided a similar fate. In that case, authorities disembarked the passengers and sent them to quarantine at a nearby military base. The Ruby Princess, which quarantined in Australia, triggered a homicide investigation when eleven of its 250 “unwell” passengers died in less than a week. The next epicenter in the global pandemic shifted to Northern Italy. It, too, like Wuhan, became Europe’s first 5G hot zone. Soon, the Corona-Plague killed off the elderly and the weak, with stay-at-home orders and shutting down businesses, doing great economic harm while having no measurable effect of containing the epidemic. In each instance, like New York and Seattle that followed, COVID-19 spread unevenly correlating with areas having more intense testing. This, of course, is because all humans, as well as all other Eukaryotic life forms manufacture viruses by the trillions of trillions. Want more cases, just do more tests. You will get as many as you test. Months later, this has been slowly exposed. Cases were being called infections when they are just an inevitable and normal part of Eukaryotic metabolism. This is where the asymptotic carrier nonsense comes in. Every body is asymptomatic. You can’t be alive without manufacturing and carrying hundreds of trillions of viruses.
Weaponized viruses can be patented, proving they are man-made, manufactured in laboratories to produce the patented variations of common viruses. Your immune system quickly nullifies these miscreants while Nature quickly undoes the mutants, returning everything back to normal. Bio-weapons are destroyed by Nature. That is the reason, in spite of hundreds of attempts, all of their virus-based pandemics have quickly flopped.
The question becomes: Why has the world been dealing with a coronavirus outbreak that doesn’t behave like its predecessors, dating back to the 1960s or before? And, are the list of unusual ailments, many related to oxygen deprivation, the result of the “common cold” virus? Or is it something else, something less quantifiable such as the next permutation of blanketing the world with Space-X’s new 5G StarLink satellite system?
Under new scrutiny, the coronavirus cover story begins to break apart like the RNA fragments the worthless PCR tests identify as “positive” cases. The faulty tests are a tool of deception to run up the hysteria over a totally normal situation. The elderly and people with comorbidities died due to the onslaught of the next plateau of irradiating the planet.
These thought-provoking arguments must be taken a step further, into the dark minds of psychopaths with unlimited funding and zero empathy, who are finally unleashing the inevitable RESET 2020, which is overdue. The “Useless Eaters” must be dealt with. The unproductive, super wasteful uber-consumers will not be tolerated much longer. The planning and impetus for this has been clearly visible for a long time. Of course, none of the useless eaters are able or willing to face their fate, so they gladly accept the fake alternative lies about what is happening with these fake crises as the truth. Unfortunately, embracing obvious lies just works into the plans to pull off this massive operation with the smallest amount of chaos possible. You are surely hearing about the openings of the long-ago constructed FEMA camps, now under the guise of COVID shelters, where the meek line up to be cared for totally in their final days. It was always a question of just what is the basis of so many hundreds of these FEMA camps in every state of the union. We are now seeing the state governors imposing quarantines on huge numbers of citizens. Where are they being quarantined? In these FEMA camps, of course.
Those quarantined in the FEMA camps are pretty much out of the mainstream view. In these camps, they can be inoculated with the experimental vaccines without noticeable protests, visible to the citizens at-large. These vaccines are going to be multi-purpose, probably controlled using 5G. One of the main features will be a ‘kill switch’. This is all going to require a lot of beta testing, out of the public view. The FEMA camps are perfect for this. Disappearances will be confused and obfuscated, and soon become common. Of course, non-prisoners will not be allowed visitation with so-called ‘infected cases’, so who is going to keep tabs on the operations in these camps. This offers a means to conduct these operations in an orderly fashion at a manageable pace and explains the huge stacks of multi-person coffins already waiting for victims at these places, to handle large-scale disposal.
Apparently, FEMA ordered and received 30,000 guillotines, which must, by now, be unexposed fixtures at these camps. Once the ‘second wave’ hanta viruses are brought into the hype, the fatality rates are going to be said to increase dramatically. They will be able to save a lot of time using guillotines to accelerate the killing. By this point in time, medical martial law will have already been implemented and the total door-to-door weapons confiscation by UN forces will have eliminated any possibility of defense or revolution. At the time the guillotines were being received, this created a couple days of concern, now quickly and quietly forgotten, until it’s too late to do anything about it.
Your blue-blood royal rulers are careful planners, smart, thorough and un-empathetic. These 200 year RESETS have been going on for thousands of years. Ample evidence exists to prove this beyond a doubt. The adults are eliminated and the young malleable children are salvaged. They are sent to brand new unoccupied cities, already built and ready for occupants in China and the “stans”, the former SSRs of the Soviet Union. It is easily researched back to the recent RESETS. For example, the ‘Orphan Trains’ of the RESET 1812, of which there are many existing photos. These orphaned children were taken to pre-constructed cities and thoroughly propagandized with new public education materials and curriculums.
Why are the adults eliminated? Because ‘you can fool most of the people some of the time, but you can’t fool all of the people all the time, at least not for too long.” Because the people have been living in the Matrix Reality for 200 years, more and more are no longer fooled by the fake virtual reality. A small breach in the curtain can reveal a hint of the existence of the MATRIX wizard. Very quickly, the whole curtain can be torn down and control can be lost. When and if this happens, the royal blue-bloods could be overcome by the sheer number. They are few, the humans are many. They control a great amount of power over humans, but it would certainly be possible they could be overwhelmed by sheer numbers. This is the paramount concern that the royals live with. They must always make sure of their continuity of power. Better to clean house every 200 years than take an unacceptable and needless risk.
The young children, on the other hand, are valuable assets that are malleable and can be brain-washed to continue the process of strip mining the resources of the planet for the ultimate benefit of the royals and probably the Anunnaki. The Anunnaki can only visit planet Earth when their solar system enters the known solar system, putting them in close proximity. Their orbital cycle brings this proximity about on a 3,600 earth-year cycle, called a ‘Shar’.
The last time this occurred was around 1,000 BCE, when they departed earth, leaving the homo capensis, the blue-blood Royals, to maintain the rule over humans in perpetuity. You doubt this? You really have lost contact with even semi-modern history. We still have ample evidence of the blue-bloods in the present day. But not much more than a generation ago, Royals overtly ruled the humans without any cloak of secrecy. In our present day state of ignorance, have we already lost this knowledge? If so, they deserve a lot of respect and credit for accomplishing their goals so thoroughly. So much evidence abounds, in every part of the world, of the feudal system under which they ruled. Their castles are everywhere and written materials abound. It’s just that not much integrity remains in the public educational system. And every one is too busy being entertained to even understand why they should care.
Many people are saying “Oh, it’s only a facemask. No big deal. Just wear it and pretend it is nothing. Don’t make a big fuss over something insignificant”.
The problem is, that, in reality, it is of the ultimate significance.
Are you a voiceless submissive or are you someone of significance?
“We are building the global society on a radically new concept. There is no individual who is the leader. Global order is no longer something that can be dictated or controlled from the top down. Globalization itself is the order” – Dr. Parag Khanna
‘Submissives’ are the new human crop, soon to fill the globe with their ilk.
In the name of Covid, the State has already thrust itself into every aspect of human existence. This is a mechanism of hidden fraudulent takeover. Our ignorance may be attributable to their deceit and our willingness to believe and accept their deceit. Humans are easily led by the nose. Even though the governments are well known pathological liars, the vast majority still believe every load of horse crap that they put in their slop bucket is Lobster Rockefeller.
Where do virus come from? Your own body is a major producer. Look around at other people, your dog, the mold on your sink, the plants, the insects, etc. These are all the producers of viruses. They are producing trillions to the trillionth power, none stop. As long as creatures are living, their cells are reproducing and creating waste products in the process. Virus is the left over waste of cell reproduction, packaged in a protein vesicle by the new cell and expelled from the cell’s interior as an exosome into the trash bin. Where did you think viruses came from? Your body contains about 400 trillion at all times. You do not need to obtain viruses from other people. Everybody is full up. The idea that you don’t have the virus, but some other person does, and that person might ‘infect’ you is the biggest joke in the world. The ‘case number’ joke.
However many living creatures with DNA in their cell’s nuclei…that is the ‘case count’. No one needs a tester because everyone is full up, loaded, with every virus. This is the way life works, has always worked and always will work. The problem is….you have never learned even the first thing about viruses. Yet, 100% totally ignorant assholes are running around telling others what they should be doing to prevent infections. Do you think you have an infection because your body has blood, muscle, bone or other normal components. I don’t think so.
This crisis is a poorly staged episode of politicized medical garbage that could not fool a one week old baby tree frog. Who do they think they are fooling with their juvenile antics and medical imbecileism? What is the real underlying treachery here, in their never-ending long line of treachery programs?
Imposition of technocracy of the New World Order (NWO) on every person on the planet would best describe it. The NWO is the culmination of a long chain of ‘isms’, the Matrix, that have been used to control the populations by means of the Hegelian Dialectic.. These dialectics have been a means of divisiveness that have kept the peoples divided into opposing ‘ism’ groups, states, countries, political parties, religions, etc. This is the heart of the Matrix.
In the hierarchy of human control, Matrix is on the equivalent level of New World Order (NWO). The Matrix is now being replaced by NWO. In other words, it is not just a change of hegemony or a new ‘strong man’ elbowing his way into the throne. The Matrix is being scrapped. The NWO is a’ state of existence’ within a technocratic reality framework. It bears no resemblance to the old Matrix. It’s not like a new leader got elected or ‘seized power’. It is not political in any way. Or, a disclosure of the hidden leaders of the Master Race .
It is the end of sovereignty. No more separation. Just one grand algorithm alleged to have the power to control and organize the entire order of planetary existence.
It is the end of politics, altogether. There are no longer such things as politicians, elections, presidents, law-makers, pundits, lobbyists or political debates. There is just technocracy…a control algorithm that does not require any politicians…at all, for any purpose. Those psychopathic power mongers of the Matrix, that think they have a new prominent position in the NWO, are going to fill a short term transitional role, after which they, too, will be ‘of no further use’. Sorry, thanks and goodbye.
It is not some change of the monetary system or a new universal currency. It is the end of currency, monetary systems and economics, altogether. You are a number in a computer that translates to some level of ‘privilege’, granted in exchange for units of production. Your number is called a ‘social score’. If your social-score becomes higher due to the algorithm’s approval of your performance, you will be granted more privilege, such as better living accommodations or increased food allotment. If your score becomes lower, you will lose privilege and be moving to poorer living quarters and eating a lesser diet. Money is of no use at all. It no longer exists.
NWO is not some military-based tactical operation. It is the end of militaries altogether, except for a single universal police force, investigating ‘thought crimes’. This is the UN, the private army of the NWO. There will be no wars for there will also be no private property nor units of anything more than individual asset-units.
It is not some new religious or philosophical ‘ism’. It is the end of all ‘isms’, altogether. You are what you are told you are. You are a unit of production that performs the function for which you have been designated and trained. Your performance level, established by the algorithm, will be measured, for which you will receive a relative rating level that will contribute to your ‘social score’ for the purpose of establishing your level of ‘privilege’.
It is not some new adoption of group identity or diversity. It is the end of all ‘joining’ and all ‘diversity’, altogether. You are an ‘asset-unit’. You are not a team, workgroup or family of your own choosing any longer. Any group identity is chosen for you. You receive training accordingly. There are no more institutions of elective learning.
If you produce children, your children will immediately become additional ‘asset-units’ of the NWO. Children will belong to the technocracy and will be developed into whatever type of asset-unit is needed, as determined by central AI planning.
NWO does not bear any resemblance to any aspect of life as you now know it. The closest you can come to seeing it now, is found in taking a look at the current social order of China.
The pilot program for what is soon to be universal.
This is a giant leap in the social structure that will be technocracy reality. Some may welcome it. Many will never comprehend it.
Looking back at the present-day Matrix, the mask has come between the intimacy of husbands and wives. It has forbidden elders to embrace their children and grandchildren.
It has denied us funerals, birthday parties and weddings, Locked the doors of public expression of art and culture. It is preventing us, literally, from being social creatures who can share common experiences of life , without fear.
It has ordered us to stay at home, punished us for sunbathing, going on nature walks, swimming in the oceans, or even entering our front gardens. From walking next door to chat with the neighbors. From assembling in groups for important meaningful discourse and exchange of ideas.
But worst of all, it has withheld us from intellectual and esoteric exploration of the greater potentials of our very existence. A fabricated control system has prevented us from ever being able to expand our consciousness into the greater reality of our true inner-being and the meaning of our lives. The NWO will eradicate any concept of this type of deeper exploration. We are going to be units of productivity and tightly controlled consumption based on absolute compliance and obedience to the ‘algorithm’.
At any point you fall short of minimum acceptable performance, you will have the trigger pulled to activate your vaccine. You will be dead.
Can you even conceive of this change in your day-to-day reality. Probably not, but those who are beyond adaptation to this new form of existence will not be survivors. For this reason, the members of the populations who are beyond the ability to adapt are simply casualties of the RESET. The children, who are still malleable and adaptable, will be the survivors.
Because the children are incapable of constructing complete communities and facilities, these are already constructed and awaiting the new inhabitants. These are the mysterious unoccupied cities of China and the former SSRs of Russia. You can find my other blogs that elaborate on this in the archives of this site.
The Government began its disproportionate shutdown of the world by spreading fear of a devastating plague that would kill billions of people. Now, many people find that Covid-19 is, in fact, nothing but the same common colds we have been surviving every year of our lives. The perpetrators are desperate for new means of keeping up the facades and the panic levels. We need riots, violence, war with China. This is to keep the public eye on the drama, while missing totally what is being installed to enable them to flip the switch over to the new system, the RESET.
The NWO technocracy is a totally different system of control than the ‘Matrix’. You can see the model for this system by observing China and its social structure. The citizens are ‘individual asset-units’ of the system, that serve the Master Race much more efficiently and productively with less risk and waste. There is absolutely no need for politics, government, currency, religion, culture or inducements. (The Matrix was an artificial ‘inducement’ system to maintain production and control of its assets by making you believe you were the owner and beneficiary of your own fruits of labor).
So just take all of that out of the picture and you simplify everything exponentially. Where you had political disagreements, contentiousness, wars, and philosophical grid lock, now you have no need of any of this. 5G communications provide lock-tight implementation of the algorithms that dictate literally everything for every asset-unit to enable performance of its function, free from distraction and overhead waste. The NWO is not just a control system…it is the total ‘reality of existence’, where humans have only one responsibility, which is productivity. When your ability to deliver efficient productivity wanes, you will not become a “useless eater”. You will vanish without fanfare.
Do not labor under any delusion that the Master Race cares one wit about you as a human being. Beyond being an element of the means of production, there is no caring, in any semblance of the contextual meaning we might attribute to the word. You have heard of ‘crop rotation’ . You do not plant the same fields every season in the same crop. You rotate your fields so that some are under active cultivation and others are refreshing and healing for future periods of productivity.
That is why the rotation occurs on a basic 200 year cycle. The Master Race has been using its human laborers to exploit the planet, in similar fashion to the practices of its own Master Race, the Anunnaki. However, they are only a figment of the Anunnaki. They are not god-like creators and powerful kings bearing incredible weapons. They have become more and more human-like over the generations, as they have violated their instructions to preserve the integrity their genetic blood-lines.
At an earlier point when they were more powerful than today, they ruled us in the same fashion as the Anunnaki, in a system of feudalism. Over the recent 1,000 years, they have lost their stature and became more human-like. They adopted the Matrix system, not just to protect themselves from the masses, but to enhance productivity by giving humans the illusions of freedom and private property, via fiat currency. Humans work harder when they believe they are working on their own behalf, rather than in a system of overt slavery to the sole benefit of a blue-blood Master or King.
Humans have become spoiled children who are now very demanding. The inducement-based Matrix is being discarded in favor of the NWO. Advances in technocracy have now been implemented for the changeover. Meanwhile, controlling humans in Western societies is becoming a more difficult problem. Westernized humans are no longer productive. The once successful empire has now gone to ruin. The workers have turned into spoiled brats that are intent on perpetual amusement, drugs, entertainment and consumption. They must be put under conditions that impose discipline, unconditional compliance, obedience and submission. They must be frightened into the vaccine lines, sooner than later.
Meanwhile, the Eastern cultures have been the laboratory experimenting with refining the technocracy of the NWO. Specifically, China is directly connected to ‘Silicon Valley’ technocracy developers. The The human assets of the ‘East’ have been generationally conditioned into a total technocratic existence. Technocracy is the venue they exist in. Every semblance of the Matrix inducement system must be made to vanish.
When I tell this to people, they laugh and express the opinion that the human resources of China, for example, are less human and more robotic than in the West. The Chinese just can’t figure out how to ‘get it right’, thereby imposing no real threat to the ‘West’ in terms of military, industrial, economic or social capabilities. They say this now, when it is obvious that the US is only a corrupt old bully who is ready for the grave. Producing nothing but empty threats, boycotts, and unlimited amounts of worthless paper money with absolutely nothing to back it up.
So, the opinions of humans living in the Matrix are mostly stemming from historical willful blindness, despair, fear and loss of hegemony. It does not matter whether ‘Westerners’ believe that they are the trash and corpses of the Old World Order. It is already well in-process and far beyond repair. This is the moment of realization of what is coming…”PUT ON YOUR MASK”.
As you ‘bend the knee’ to comply with this order, you have already conceded the entire issue. What more is there to discuss? Your Masters want you to wear a soggy cloth muzzle, a ‘face-nappy’ that turns its wearer from a normal human into a mumbling, mouthless submissive complier. Any objective observer can easily see where this is headed.
Looking around, it seems this is popular. Is there nothing the ‘Western’ people will not stoop to comply with? Antibacterial consumption is now so high that soon there will be reports of dolphins and whales floundering about in an ocean made sticky by billions of gallons of hand-sanitizer, as they choke on congealed clumps of used muzzles. And, I thought this is supposed to be a ‘viral’, not a ‘bacterial’ problem. You don’t rid yourself of virus using anti-bacterial hand sanitizer.
Hurry up. Get in line to receive your new Gates/Fauci vaccine that is going to ‘save you’. Maybe you can sneak back in line and get a double dose. You are not going to drop over dead on the spot. Look, everyone is fine. Since you are not smart enough to see where this is going, you will have to patiently wait and see. There are a lot of humans in the ‘West’ that have been “useless eaters” for a long time. ‘Useless eaters’ do not have a spot in the NWO. The queen has been demanding for a long time that the ‘West’ be ridded of useless eaters to the extent of 80-90%. Figure this on the basis of a billion plus ‘useless eaters’ and you will get a large number which can probably be rounded off at one billion, as a talking point for the first round of depopulation.
This sounds like it could become a little messy. How could this be done in a tidy manner?. It seems to me that a lethal injection, which has a control mechanism for releasing, or not releasing, the fatal component into the body would be one of considerable efficacy. If the humans are sufficiently compliant and trusting, they will clamor to receive their controlled fatal injections, thinking they are rescued from the threat of a ‘horrible evil old virus’. These humans can not be salvaged by the NWO. They can not even make the mental leap from the inducement system to the technocracy.
Once your body now contains this triggerable DNA vaccine, there is no retreat. Those carefully selected for having some value in the future will go on as though nothing happened. The vast majority of the ‘useless eaters’ will be ‘triggered’, probably using 5G, and they will drop dead in their tracks. The corpses will be disposed of by the interim survivors. The neat feature is that the timing is controllable. The plan is to reduce world population by a lot more than one billion, probably more like five billion, but the overall timing is more urgent for the ‘Western empire’ element. The efficacy is in the mortality-control provided by the vaccine such that things can be timed to occur in an orderly and convenient fashion.
The WHO held a position that facemasks were useless, but suddenly, on July 12, 2020, they took the opposite stance. The key fact is that its motive was not because of new scientific information – the evidence had not supported the wearing of face coverings – it was due to political pressure (funding).
In March, the WHO said: ‘There is currently no evidence that wearing a mask, of any type, by healthy persons in the community can protect them from infection against respiratory viruses, including Covid-19.’
The American TV news channel CNN reported on March 31 that Mike Ryan, executive director of the WHO health emergencies program, had said at a briefing in Geneva: ‘There is no specific evidence to suggest that the wearing of masks by the mass population has any potential benefit.
People are seen walking down London’s Oxford Street. There is plenty of research showing that the case for muzzles is lame, especially a survey done for the dental profession four years prior, which mysteriously vanished from the internet after mask opponents began to cite it.
At about the same time, Dr Jenny Harries, a Deputy Chief Medical Officer, warned that people could be putting themselves more at risk from contracting Covid by wearing muzzles. She said masks could ‘actually trap the virus’, and cause the person wearing it to inhale it repeatedly. She explained: ‘For the average member of the public walking down a street, it is not a good idea.’
On April 3, the other Deputy Chief Medical Officer, Professor Jonathan Van-Tam, said he did not believe healthy people wearing them would reduce the spread of the disease.
What underlies the turn abouts?
Why are we more likely to spread Covid in a store than we are to do so in a pub or restaurant? Why are certain ‘aisles’ in the super market being cordoned off, restricting sales of some merchandise? The question cannot be answered. The truth is that the muzzle policy is all about control and fear…nothing about disease. They like to come down on a daily basis with new additional measures that are even more absurd than the day before.
Findings are now also pouring in which suggest that a high number of the excess deaths during the last few months were not caused by Covid, but by people unable to avail themselves of treatment for heart attacks, strokes, cancer, etc. due to facilities being reserved exclusively for COVID. Interestingly, claims of hospital overcrowding, when investigated in-person, revealed that the hospitals were empty and staff were busy playing games with each other.
Despite the propagandists of the media, who have tried never to mention the legions of dissenting scientists who dispute the Government’s policy, people are beginning to wonder, in increasing numbers, if they have been ‘taken for a ride’ here. Meanwhile, they are collecting generous government financial inducements for turning away the patients who need help due to other medical issues than Corona.
This Government has no great authorities or experienced personnel to give them a basis for demanding ridiculous measures, like lockdowns. This is being driven by undistinguished, inexperienced uneducated but maybe greedy political agitators, headed by an exhausted and empty executive. The governments’ Center for Disease Control (CDC) has never been anything more than a source of deceit and lies, not to mention a manufacturer of exotic diseases.
In a few weeks’ time, the Government faces the onset of what may be reported as the worst economic crisis since 1929. It’s already obvious, but we must wait for the official numbers from the talking heads. It needs to keep the fear levels up to maintain its authority.
A way of doing this is the ceaseless promotion of an alleged ‘second wave’ of Covid, for which there is no evidence or precedent. Especially since there never was a real ‘first wave’. Viruses are dead. They do not plot out ‘second wave’ attacks, like an army general. They are nothing more than random opportunistic dead things in the environment that rarely cause problems, except in the imaginations of criminals with weapons labs at their disposal.
Another Fauci tactic is to undertake a ferocious testing policy where testers go from door to door to discover people who are ‘infected’ with Covid, even if they have no cold symptoms and display perfect health . It should be commonly known that ‘everyone’ has the presence of the corona virus in their body’s ‘VIROME’, so more testing for ‘virus presence’ is going to always be 100% positive. Yet they will then count it as a ‘new case’. It’s like calling something that is already well known to exist a ‘new discovery’.
Every person in the world has every virus in their body, all the time. It’s not a ‘great discovery’, when it is common knowledge by anyone who has any education on the subject. Furthermore, presence of antibodies is also not a test for anything. You either have a cold…or you do not have a cold. Is this really complicated? Do we need all of these 25 cent little plastic testers?
In a few weeks’ time, the Government faces the onset of what may be the worst economic crisis since 1929. It needs to keep the fear levels up to maintain its authority. Prime Minister Boris Johnson is pictured all masked-up.Would you follow the example of this sorry excuse for a man?
The muzzle is a’ badge of subservience, submission and compliance to the absurd’. Anyone who dons it publicly is submitting to the Government’s coersive power over them.
Look at the muzzled multitudes, their wide eyes peering out anxiously from above the hideous gag which obscures half their faces and turns them from normal human beings into mouthless, obedient submissives. The psychological effect of these garments, on those who wear them and view them, is huge.
Dissenters, who prefer not to muzzle themselves, are made to stand out from those who have already surrendered, who then become quite keen on pressuring the non- conformists to do as they did, and on ‘informing’ against them. ‘Confirmation’ is the bastion of perpetration of fake beliefs.
Do you feel fear? The observed pretext of a fake health disaster does not merit your fear. Fear of exactly what is happening to us right now, the ultimate RESET, may be warranted.
It is my view that, if you don that muzzle, you are giving your assent for the coming consequences. Don’t act surprised when it happens. You have just read the absolute truth of the matter. Submit meekly at your own risk.
My blogs have repeatedly informed you that your body already contains 380 trillion viruses at all times. Using the PCR tester or the antigen tester will reveal a ‘positive’ for any virus at all times, assuming the tester is functional. This does not, in any way, indicate that you are infected or diseased, or are likely to become so. Even though almost countless viruses inhabit your body at all times, there is only a minor threat, that you have easily survived every year of your life, without even giving it a thought.
The fake experts are trying to tell you that the presence of virus will be very serious or fatal. This is a ridiculous lie. What is going to surely kill you, if you fall for the lies, is the vaccine.
Like the microbiome, which hosts over 30 trillion bacteria, the virome is a normal component of your body. You should not be alarmed at this well-known and common fact. Every healthy body will be able to maintain a healthy balance of these elements and allow them to perform their useful functions within the body. Your own body is a literal virus making machine, contributing hundreds of virus to the world on a daily basis. Your 3 trillion eukaryote cells replicate on a regular schedule based on wear and tear from their individual functions. Bones replicate slowly but intestine cells replicate every day or two.
This also means that disease or infection is NOT caused by person-to-person exchange of any bodily or microbial materials, such as viruses. It is certainly impossible to contract disease by inhaling air, or touching door knobs or being in close contact with other humans or animals. That is simply not how disease works. Fauci would like to see you believe that viruses are transferred this way, and, once finding their way into your body, inevitably attack and sicken or kill you. Please remember that viruses are dead. They do not stalk you, or plan to enter your body, nor try to infect or sicken you. They are dead molecules than can only become a part of a living eukaryote cell by rare accident, when it fails to be disposed of, hangs up on a ‘receptor site and is used as raw material to form another DNA strand. Your immune system will very quickly identify this eukaryote as a defective foreign entity and kill it.
You do not ‘catch’ pathogens that then make you sick. There is no ‘catching’ involved in mechanism of disease. You simply make yourself sick by bad diet, bad lifestyle, lack of sun exposure and fear (worry). It is not complicated and keeping yourself healthy is a matter of overcoming ignorance. You are never taught in public education how to achieve and maintain bodily health. Fortunately, it is very simple and the needed education is readily available to you, in this information age, from blogs like this one.
We most certainly have dip-shits who spend your money weaponizing viruses and bacteria in their well-appointed government laboratories. These are inevitably patented and can be verified by anyone who wants to look into it. These are not naturally occurring and fortunately, are unstable, mutating their way into extinction quite rapidly.
‘THEY’ can taint your atmosphere every year to bring in the new flu or cold, which already has a name under which the patent is issued, and, most miraculously, always has a new vaccine, available by the hundreds of millions of serum phials, that is supposed to be designed specifically to counteract their new version of the seasonal flu. Vaccines do not work, never have and never will. That is simply not how things work. Only your own body, in a state of health, will quickly and easily make everything right again. There is no doctor, especially any allopath, that has ever cured any body of anything. Your own body will easily and quickly heal itself.
You may disagree, citing cases of health issues for which people are hospitalized and given pills or shots. In fact, the more time you spend in a hospital taking pills and shots, the more likely you are to have an extended recovery period or premature death. Nothing is being done to correct your diet, life-style or fears and the pills and shots are toxic poisons that not only do not cure anything, but complicate your body’s proven healing processes.
With the fabricated corona virus crisis, it is important to get past the bullshit being fed to you by the talking heads on TV. Let’s take a look at one aspect of how the virome really functions:
Note: The following is a highly technical extract from a report issued by researcher virologists. It is offered to those who wish to obtain a more in-depth understanding of the complexity and the biological nature of viruses.
The gut virome: the ‘missing link’ between gut bacteria and host immunity.
The human gut virome includes a diverse collection of viruses that infect our own cells as well as other commensal organisms, directly impacting on our well-being. Despite its predominance, the virome remains one of the least understood components of the gut microbiota, with appropriate analysis toolkits still in development. Based on its interconnectivity with all living cells, it is clear that the virome cannot be studied in isolation. Here we review the current understanding of the human gut virome, specifically in relation to other constituents of the microbiome, its evolution and life-long association with its host, and our current understanding in the context of inflammatory bowel disease and associated therapies. We propose that the gut virome and the gut bacterial microbiome share similar trajectories and interact in both health and disease and that future microbiota studies should in parallel characterize the gut virome to uncover its role in health and disease.
Keywords: gut virome, gut microbiota, inflammatory bowel disease, host:microbiota interactions, microbial therapeutics, microbial dynamics
Key points
The human intestinal microbiome represents one of the most complex ecosystems on Earth and has taken millions of years to coevolve.
DNA and RNA viruses that collectively make up the intestinal virome outnumber bacterial cells by 10:1, and include viruses which infect eukaryotic cells, endogenous retroviruses, bacterial viruses (i.e. bacteriophages) and archaeal viruses that infect archaea. Infecting simply means that the dead viruses are accidently admitted into the interior of eukaryotic cells, where they are mistakenly used as raw materials in the process of mitosis, cell replication, producing a defective cell.
Diet is an important and constant environmental and lifestyle factor that can influence the gut microbiome, including its viral component.
Transkingdom interactions between virome components and bacteria highlights that there are additional layers of complexity to consider in terms of host–microbial homeostasis.
Current microbial therapeutics including fecal microbial transplantation need to consider the contribution of the virome.
Further research into the interconnectivity of the virome with other elements of the microbiome is essential to fully define the role of the gut virome in human health.
Introduction
The human intestinal microbiota comprising bacteria, viruses, fungi, multicellular parasites and archaea represents one of the most complex ecosystems on Earth. It has coevolved over millions of years to help shape and influence human development, and in particular immune defences.1 The DNA and RNA viruses that collectively make up the intestinal virome are at least equivalent in number to bacterial cells,2 although on gut mucosal surfaces and within the mucus layers they may outnumber bacterial cells by 20:1.3 Each gram of human gut content is estimated to contain at least 108–109 virus-like particles (VLPs), the vast majority of which are crAssphage (cross-assembly phage), which are DNA phages belonging to the family Podoviridae Viruses, have cross-kingdom interactions with other organisms within the microbiota that together with host genetic variation can change the host (human) phenotype. These virus-driven phenotypic changes can be beneficial to the host or increase the risk of disease.6,7 Currently, it is estimated that less than 1% of the virome has been sequenced, leaving the bulk of the virome yet to be characterized.8
Getting access to the virome.
To study the virome, Virus-like-Particles (VLPs) are separated from cellular components, usually using a combination of filtration, density centrifugation and enzymatic treatments to eliminate free nucleic acids.9 The nucleic acids are then sequenced and analyzed. Compared to the bacterial component of the intestinal microbiome, the intestinal virome has been under-investigated and largely ignored, in large part due to the limited tools available for their identification and classification. Recent advances in high-throughput, next-generation sequencing has allowed detailed and in-depth analysis of microbial communities (metagenomics), leading to the identification of new microbial species, which has only recently been applied to the characterization of the virome.10 There are, however, too few reference viromes, and those that do exist are dominated by unknown sequences with 60–90% of the reads often lacking functional or taxonomic annotations (the ‘viral dark matter’). Currently, it is estimated that roughly 1% of the virome has been sequenced, leaving the bulk yet to be characterized.8
Human gut virome: main players
Eukaryotic viruses
Sequencing of eukaryotic viral communities in fecal samples from children has identified Picobirnaviridae, Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae and Astroviridae family members, and species such as bocaviruses, enteroviruses, rotaviruses and sapoviruses.12 In addition, disease-associated viruses such as herpesviruses, polyomaviruses, anelloviruses, adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also present in the intestinal viromes of some individuals, indicating that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains viruses capable of infecting host cells. As the majority of humans remain asymptomatic (not sick) it has been proposed that these pathogenic viruses (pathobionts) have become part of the metagenome of normal individuals, with the majority rarely causing disease and remaining dormant within the host.6,13 Experiments in germ-free and antibiotic-treated mice have shown that the bacterial microbiome can promote the replication and in some cases persistence of enteric viruses13 with the efficient transmission of mouse mammary tumor virus requiring intestinal bacteria.14 Interactions between viruses and bacteria, and other constituents of the intestinal microbiome, are therefore important in influencing the course and outcome of virus infections.15
Bacteriophages
Microbial viruses modulate their bacterial hosts directly through affecting their mortality and through horizontal gene transfer, and indirectly by reprogramming host metabolism. The human GI tract contains an estimated 1015 bacteriophages (phages; the phageome) which may represent the richest concentration of biological entities on Earth.16 Phages can be functionally categorized based on the lifecycle they adopt after infecting host cells.17 Lytic (virulent) phages lyse the cells they infect by hijacking the host cell’s replication mechanism to package and produce more phages and lytic enzymes that cause cell lysis and the release of newly formed phages from the cell. By contrast, temperate phages incorporate their genetic material into the host cell chromosome as prophages and replicate alongside the host cell. In some instances, temperate phages do not integrate and exist as circular or linear plasmids within the host bacterial cell.18 A third category are pseudolysogenic phages, which upon infecting a cell neither integrate stably into the host genome nor co-opt cell replication machinery, or kill the host cell.17 Recently, analysis of the viral fraction of existing metagenomic studies identified a DNA phage called crAssphage which, due to limitations in our ability to identify phage sequences, had been overlooked in previous studies.5 CrAssphages are highly abundant in the gut microbiome, it has been predicted, based on host co-occurrence profiling that crAssphage infect Bacteroides species. However, our understanding of crAssphage is limited as they have only recently been isolated in culture.5
Acquisition of gut virome communities over time
Bacterial microbiome communities are established at birth and evolve over time to become ‘adult-like’ bacterial communities.19–22 While our knowledge of gut bacterial communities is relatively informed, we have a poor understanding of gut virome acquisition. The absence of microscopically detectable VLPs in the first faecal samples (meconium) of newborns is consistent with the intestinal virome being predominantly acquired postnatally.23 Within a week of birth, VLP numbers reach 108/g in faeces, with the initial colonizers originating from a combination of dietary, maternal and/or environmental sources.23 The infant virome develops in parallel with the bacterial microbiome, with evidence of contractions and shifts in the phage community with age as bacterial communities expand and diversify.24 By adulthood, an individuals’ virome reaches a peak, with 80% of viruses persisting over a 2.5-year period (Table 1).12,24 Eukaryotic viruses, including adenovirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus, enterovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, respiratory syncytial virus and human parvovirus B19, have all been detected in amniotic fluid of healthy mothers delivering healthy babies.25 Transmission of viruses such as HIV, hepatitis, influenza, rubella, CMV and herpes zoster virus through the placenta or vaginally are also well recognized;26 however, the influence these viruses may have on the gut virome and the wider gut microbiome is unclear. Other factors known to affect the establishment of the infant gut microbiome include mode of delivery,20,27 breast versus bottle feeding28 and smoking.29 These factors have yet to be investigated and appreciated in terms of the gut virome.
Table 1.
Virus communities within the human gut.
Gut bacteriophages
Mostly double-stranded and single-stranded DNA phages:
Myoviridae, Podoviridae, Siphoviridae, Inoviridae and Microviridae
DNA viruses:
Double-stranded
Single-stranded
Adenoviridae
Anelloviridae
Herpesviridae
Circoviridae
Iridoviridae
Marseilleviridae
Mimiviridae
Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
Poxviridae
RNA viruses
Double-stranded
Single-stranded
Picobimaviridae
Caliciviridae
Reoviridae
Astroviridae
Virgaviridae
Picornaviridae
Retroviridae
Togaviridae
Definitive pathogenic eukaryotic viruses infecting the gut
Rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, adenovirus (serotypes 40 and 41), enterovirus (only adenovirus is DNA virus, rest are all RNA viruses).
Lim and colleagues characterized changes to the gut virome in the first few months of life and found that the gut bacteriophage community structure was composed primarily of a rich and diverse collection of phages, with the majority deriving from the Caudovirales order.26 They also showed that eukaryotic viral population richness was low in infancy and expanded thereafter, while bacteriophage richness was greatest in early life and decreased with age;24 by 24 months of age there was a marked shift towards an increased relative abundance of Microviridae. In the infant, members of the Picornaviridae, Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Anelloviridae, Reoviridae and Caliciviridae families were prominent but did not persist throughout early development.24,30 The increase in Microviridae species was not driven by a particular bacteriophage, with bacteriophage and bacterial richness being inversely correlated in an age-dependent manner.24 Overall, these findings suggest that the microbiome shifts from a high bacteriophage–low bacterial diversity community at 0 months towards a low bacteriophage–high bacterial diversity community by 24 months of age.24 It has been established that the gut microbiota is dominated by fewer bacterial species at this age, suggesting that bacteriophage diversity is unsustainable longitudinally because of this lower bacterial richness.
Shifts in the virome richness parallels the age at which the infant bacterial microbiome approaches its peak and an adult composition.19,21 which is consistent with phages playing a role in modulating bacterial community structure and function through their ability to lyse and kill host bacteria.31,32 This further supports the hypothesis that the gut bacteriome and virome follow similar developmental trajectories.
Differences in the gut virome between monozygotic twins sharing the same in-utero environment were explored by Reyes and colleagues,33 who identified virome differences between healthy twin pairs and twin pairs discordant for developing malnutrition. Specifically, they found that members of the Anelloviridae and Circoviridae could discriminate discordant from concordant healthy pairs,33 suggesting that specific virome signatures are associated with, although not necessarily mediators of, malnutrition. Unlike infant twins, adult twins harboured gut viromes substantially different from those of their co-twins or mother, consistent with environmental factors driving virome community structure and, by implication, function. Diet is an important and constant environmental and lifestyle factor34 that can influence the gut microbiome, including its viral component. The viromes of unrelated individuals consuming the same diet show gradual convergence and similar viral community structure.35 Thus, as with the bacterial component of the intestinal microbiome, the genetic constitution of an individuals’ virome is a reflection of their genome, lifestyle and behaviour, with medication and age being particularly important.36
Understanding the link between virome and other microbiome constituents is currently constrained by a lack of standardized protocols for virome analysis, which are required for efficient isolation and analysis. New developments in metagenomics,37 enrichment cultures38 and bioformatics39,40 tools are urgently required to improve our ability to define and characterize viromes.
Gut bacterial density changes over time under the influence of inherited and environmental factors. While gut bacterial densities change in response to environmental factors, the gut virome is relatively more stable within an individual.33,42 This has been demonstrated in a longitudinal assessment of an individual in whom more than 80% of the viral contigs remained stable over a period of 2.5 years.12 The effect of diet on the gut virome was investigated by Reyes and colleagues, who found that when individuals were put on similar diets, a large amount of variance existed between them in terms of their gut virome.33 Minot and colleagues challenged this theory and suggested that diet had an effect on the gut virome.10 They found that when patients were put on an identical diet, the gut virome composition became more similar, but not identical, between patients. Kim and colleagues found that mucosal and luminal viromes of obese mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose ‘Western’ diet were significantly enriched with temperate phages of the Caudovirales order.43 The discrepancy in findings may represent the small study numbers, the constraints and variability in methodologies and subject material while exposing the relative lack of our understanding of the gut virome.
Other environmental exposures, such as antibiotic use and location, can substantially affect the gut virome.44 Antibiotics enrich phage-encoded genes that confer resistance via disparate mechanisms to the administered antibiotic, as well as encode genes that confer resistance to other unrelated antibiotics.45 However, another study has suggested that the data had inflated false positives due to relaxed thresholds for in silico detection of antibiotic resistance genes.46
Interconnectivity of the virome with other elements of the microbiome and its role in human health
Transkingdom microbiome interactions between viruses and bacteria can influence host health and disease.26 Intestinal antiviral immunity is reliant on Gram-negative commensal-dependent NF-ĸB signalling, while enteric viral infection protects against intestinal damage and pathogenic bacteria.8,13 Transkingdom interplay adds therefore an additional layer of complexity in terms of host–microbial homeostasis.
By acting as a vehicle for horizontal gene transfer, phages can influence bacterial evolution, diversity and metabolism.12,16 Surprisingly phage populations appear more stable in faecal microbial transplantation (FMT) experiments compared to bacterial communities.47 The pathways and mechanisms of transfer of phage-encoded genes including antibiotic resistance48 or virulence factors49 requires a more complete understanding of the functionality of the virome. Phage populations may be more complex than a mere reflection of bacterial communities, making it likely they contribute directly to disease development, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)42,50 and other GI conditions. Conversely, it may be possible to reinvent/repurpose centuries-old phage therapy to deliver health benefits by, for example, returning the patient to a eubiotic state, which is the intention of FMT. However, currently there is little consideration of viral populations in such approaches and it is imperative that donor screening of viromes as well as all components of the gut microbiota is implemented in this age of precision medicine.51
Coevolutionary dynamics of gut bacteriophages and bacteria
Several hypothetical models have been proposed to account for phage-driven intestinal dysbiosis (Figure 1).52 In the ‘Kill the Winner’ model, phages target and kill dominant commensal bacteria that are usually growing the fastest, thus reducing their numbers in the GI tract. The model relies on the specific bacterial population being relatively high within the community as phages cannot actively move and so rely on opportunistic contact with their bacterial host (or prey) in order to infect and reproduce. This approach is therefore only a consideration for dominant members of an ecosystem, with only limited evidence of this occurring within the gut.53 Even contrived models of the gut microbiota, with the composition stacked towards a single bacterial strain (E. coli) alongside coliphage infection, fail to demonstrate the phenomena.54 It is possible that the physical structure and physiological nature of the gut environment restricts such interactions and protects bacterial populations from phage contact.
Figure 1.Proposed mechanisms of phage-driven intestinal dysbiosis.
In the ‘Kill the Winner’ model, phages target and kill dominant commensal bacteria that are usually growing the fastest, thus reducing their numbers in the GI tract. In the ‘Biological Weapon’ model, commensal bacteria use the phages they carry as weapons to kill competing bacteria, causing a decrease in bacteria, leading to dysbiosis. The ‘Community Shuffling’ model proposes that environmental stressors such as antibiotic therapy, oxidative stress or inflammation can trigger the introduction of prophage into bacteria, resulting in lytic infection of symbiotic bacteria, altering the relationship between symbionts and pathobionts. The ‘Emerging new bacterial strain’ model suggests the potential to increase virulence through acquisition of genetic material – in effect establishing lysogeny in the host rather than inducing lysis.
Another mechanism is the ‘Biological Weapon’ model, whereby commensal bacteria use the phages they carry as weapons to kill competing bacteria, leading to dysbiosis. By killing competitor bacteria, phages indirectly benefit their host. This model may play an important role in protection against pathogens, although additional experimental evidence is lacking. Within the gut environment, competition experiments between lysogen and sensitive strains of E. faecalis in monocolonized mice showed a transient enrichment of lysogen over sensitive strains.55
The ‘Community Shuffling’ model proposes that environmental stressors such as antibiotic therapy, oxidative stress or inflammation trigger the introduction of prophage into bacteria, resulting in lytic infection of symbiotic bacteria, altering the relationship between symbionts and pathobionts.56 Subinhibitory concentrations of certain antibiotics, including quinolones or beta-lactams, can drive this phenomenon in various gut bacteria.57 Inflammation, through the exacerbation of oxidative stress, may also be responsible for prophage induction.50
In addition to the three models described, which rely on the phages’ ability to lyse their hosts, phages can also transfer genes to bacteria to modify their phenotype, which is seen in the ‘Emerging New Bacterial Strain’ model – in effect establishing lysogeny in their host rather than lysing it. Within the complex environment of the gut, what drives these differential behaviours is unknown, but it is vital to understanding the phage–bacterial ecosystem. Several gut metagenomics studies have highlighted the potential of the virome to confer antibiotic resistance,10,45 and that this behaviour can facilitate the transfer of large bacterial DNA segments between strains. Further supporting this theory, it has been shown that the bacteriophage are able to control bacterial biological functions through the bacteriophage transcription factors during the lysogenic cycle. Specifically, it has been shown that during lysogeny the phage transcription factor Cro can activate the enterohaemorrhagic E. coli type III secretion system (T3SS), which has been shown to enhance the virulence of the bacteria.58 Mathematical modelling of the interaction suggests that the nested infection networks affecting phage and bacteria dynamics may involve a much more complex multi-type Lotka–Volterra framework.59 This logistic equation mathematically plots population growth when two species are competing for similar resources within the same environment.
Conversely, gut bacteria simultaneously evolve and develop microbial defence mechanisms against predatory bacteriophages. The most well studied is the restriction modification system involving bacterial restriction endonucleases which cleave double-stranded phage DNA.60 To prevent destruction of its own DNA, methyl groups are added.61 Bacteria can also block or hide their membrane receptors to limit phage propagation,62 or increase production of competitive inhibitors that render phage receptors unavailable to phage docking.63 As a failsafe, bacteria can also self-destruct by ‘abortive infection’, preventing spread of the infection to neighboring cells.64
The bacterial defense mechanism currently gaining most interest in the context of the gut microbiota is CRISPR-Cas.65,66 CRISPR (clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats) loci together with their associated cas genes provide acquired immunity and defense by bacteria. CRISPR-Cas interfere with phage replication and can play a significant role in microbial community structure, including within the gut microbiota, although they are not infallible.67 The importance of this phenomena within the gut microbiota requires deep sequencing metagenomics studies to allow CRISPR-Cas systems to be studied.
These evolutionary survival tactics by the bacteriophages and bacteria makes for a dynamic and constant arms race, often referred to as the Red Queen race/hypothesis in which both parties are ‘continuously running to stay in the same place’ or evolving in equal measure but keeping pace with each other, resulting in a zero-sum game. In an experimental model that highlights this, a novel bacteriophage, p10 (related to Myovirus Felix O1), its host E. coli strain LF82 and an E. coli strain MG1655 (to which p10 cannot bind), a virulent bacteriophage was able to adapt by utilizing the gut microbiota to mutate and infect the E. coli strain MG1655 within a murine gut but not in vitro. This suggests that the gut microbiota are key intermediates for phage mutations, allowing them to switch host and to exist.68 Understanding more about the mechanisms that maintain relationships and the balance between bacteriophages and bacterial populations in the gut is crucial in understanding the perturbations that occur in the healthy gut microbiota which result in diseased states such as IBD and cancer.
Most studies have focused on the dysbiotic process in bacterial populations, wherein there is a shift from symbiotic to pathogenic. Four different scenarios can occur with respect to the bacteriophage and the bacterial population which can either suggest manifestations of disease or stable equilibrium states leading up to inflammation. If the bacterial richness increases with a parallel increase in the richness of the bacteriophage component, it would signify that the latter are proliferating simply as a result of more host bacteria to prey open. Conversely, a decrease in both components could be interpreted as scarcity of bacterial prey adversely impacting the bacteriophages. However, an increase in bacteriophage richness with a concomitant decrease in bacterial richness has a totally different connotation as it implies that the former is the driver and orchestrator of these changes. This pattern of changes has been documented in IBD in the seminal paper by Norman and colleagues.42 Finally, the combination of increased bacterial richness accompanied by a decrease in bacteriophage richness implies that the bacteria have a survival advantage and are the initiators of change. It is imperative that robust disease definitions are adhered to in disease conditions to elucidate the exact nature of the perturbation of the intricate relationship of bacteriophages and bacteria in the gut.
The recent increase in metagenomic studies will allow these interactions to be interrogated in more detail in the coming years. This approach has already led to discovery of hitherto unknown viruses. A particularly striking case of a virus discovered via metagenomics is crAssphage, which is by far the most abundant human-associated virus known, comprising up to 90% of sequences in the gut virome.69 The significance of these viruses in health or disease is still not clear.
The gut virome in GI diseases
When considering the role of the enteric virome in the aetiopathogenesis of GI diseases, the bridge from association to causation needs to be crossed. Enteric eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages can kill host cells and bacteria respectively to release potential activators of chronic inflammation. The role of the bacterial microbiome as a possible intermediary in this interaction has been documented in Atg16/1-deficient mice, where murine norovirus induced pathological changes that were akin to Crohn’s disease (CD), a chronic relapsing and remitting IBD, and these changes were abolished with antibiotics.70 A further experimental model has shown that pretreatment with an antiviral cocktail caused mice to display more severe dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis when compared with mice that were not pretreated, highlighting that the virome may play a protective role against colitis. Furthermore, they found mice that were reconstituted with TLR3+7 agonists had resolution of their colitis and suggested that the resident intestinal virome through TLR3- and TLR7-mediated IFN-β secretion by plasmacytoid dentritic cells plays a protective role in gut inflammation.71 These experimental model suggests the importance of the virus–bacterial-host interactions in GI diseases and highlights the importance of viruses as initiators of inflammation (Figure 2). However, evidence for specific viruses acting as triggers for IBD has not been validated in human studies72 and a full understanding of the role of the virome is needed.73 With newer metagenomic methods it is now possible to study the ‘entire virome’ as a cohesive ecological unit that can change as a whole and impact on host immunity and result in disease. The entire viral genetic material can now be assessed, but a large proportion of this cannot be correctly annotated as the viral database is still quite rudimentary. With increasing additions of sequences in the coming years, the identification and understanding of the gut virome will continue to improve.
Figure 2.Schematic representation of the alteration of the enteric virome and bacteriome in inflammatory bowel disease.
There is an expansion of bacteriophages with increased richness of the gut virome and an associated decrease in richness and diversity of the gut bacteria leading to ‘microbial dysbiosis’, which could be the trigger for chronic inflammation in IBD. Alteration of the viral–bacterial dynamics may also lead to increased bacterial lysis and release of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that could attract inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The luminal changes could also be an ‘epiphenomenon’ as a result of the inflammatory cascade.
Inflammatory bowel disease
Evidence suggests that a core healthy gut phage community is reduced or altered in patients with IBD (Table 2).74–76 This was first suggested by Lepage and colleagues, who identified higher numbers of bacteriophages by epifluorescence microscopy in mucosal samples of patients with CD compared to controls.50 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) identified bacteriophages as members of the Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing. It was noted that patients with CD had more VLPs per biopsy than healthy individuals. Additionally, there were fewer VLPs per biopsy from ulcerated mucosa of CD patients than non-ulcerated specimens. In an experimental model it has been shown that the gut inflammation is the driver for bacteriophage transfer; specifically, it was shown that transfer of the prophage SopEΦ between two Salmonella Typhimurium strains SL1344 and ATCC14028S, was increased in the presence of gut inflammation, with a >55% lysogenic conversion to ATCC14028S compared to a lysogenic conversion reduction of 105 in the absence of any inflammation.77
Metagenomic surveys have confirmed these virome alterations in patients with CD.74,78,79 Ileal biopsies, colonic biopsies and gut washes from paediatric CD patients and ileal biopsies from control patients78 identified the same three Caudovirales family members identified by TEM.50 Although the largest number of virus sequence matches were found in the patients with CD, the study lacked an in-depth analysis of differences in richness and diversity of the gut virome in these patients. This finding was replicated by Wang and colleagues in their analysis of colonic biopsies from IBD patients and controls, wherein a difference in both abundance of viruses and diversity within the virome was noted.79 There was a suggestion that viral abundance and diversity were associated with differences in the bacterial composition within the colon, suggesting a role of the gut virome in bacterial dysbiosis.
The report from Pérez-Brocal, on the other hand, was the first to use metagenomics to systematically analyze the correlation of the viral and bacterial components of the microbiome in patients with CD.74 The study confirmed the presence of the same three dominant Caudovirales family members but in contrast showed decreased diversity and abundance of viral sequences in patients with CD as opposed to controls. They also found a parallel decrease in diversity and abundance of bacteria in CD patients, which has been replicated in multiple other studies. One of the key findings from the analysis of viral sequences was an over-representation of Synechococcus phage S CBS1 and Retroviridae family of viruses in CD patients, identifying them as potential disease biomarkers.
A more definitive study highlighting the interaction of the gut virome and its intrinsic interplay with bacteria was carried out on a cohort of UK IBD patients and their healthy household contacts [12 household controls, 18 CD and 42 ulcerative colitis (UC)] and subsequently validated in two US IBD cohorts.42 A significant expansion of Caudovirales bacteriophages in both CD and UC patients was noted. No such distinction was noted with richness or diversity of Microviridae, suggesting that the bacteriophage increase was restricted to certain taxa. Significant reductions in bacterial diversity and richness were observed in both CD and UC patients, which was inversely correlated with the expansion of Caudovirales bacteriophages. This led to speculation that the viral changes were the primary driver in the process, with secondary shifts in the bacterial population. The exact reason for the expansion of the Caudovirales bacteriophages was unknown, but could have been related to diet or activation of prophages from commensal gut bacteria. Although Caudovirales bacteriophages expanded in both CD and UC patients in the US cohorts, the specific relationships between bacteriophage and bacterial taxa seen in the UK cohort were not seen. Bacteroidaceae bacterial families were correlated inversely with several Caudovirales taxa in CD, but Caudovirales were positively correlated with Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteurelloacaeae and Prevotellaceae in CD. These correlations were not present in UC patients, suggesting a (environmental/lifestyle) distinction between these two subgroups of patients.
The relationship of phages and their bacterial ‘prey’ was studied in IBD patients from the cohort of Norman and colleagues, with specific reference to Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.80 A higher occurrence and proportion of some F. prausnitzii temperate phages in patients with IBD suggests that this increased activity is possibly related to the depletion of F. prausnitzii. This result is clinically very pertinent since IBD patients have been documented to have a lower abundance of F. prausnitzii in their microbiota.81 The mechanistic relationship of the phages and their bacterial hosts needs to be studied to elucidate the causative role of the virome in IBD.
Most studies on gut viral populations have focused on DNA viruses, of which bacteriophages make up the largest cohort and the methods utilized do not address or include RNA and enveloped viruses.42 This obvious deficiency needs to be addressed as many pathogenic enteric viruses are RNA viruses. However, a small study on two normal participants found that the majority of RNA viruses detected in the faeces were plant pathogens and most likely diet-derived.82 The likelihood of such dietary-acquired bacteriophages acting as triggers for changing gut bacterial populations and initiating inflammation is an attractive hypothesis that needs to be validated. Conversely, the transient contact of diet-derived RNA with the bacterial population in the lumen and the gut immune system brings into question their importance in the pathogenesis of IBD.
Current microbial therapeutics and consideration of the virome
With recent advancements in sequencing technology the diversity of the enteric human virome is being increasingly revealed, leading to new possibilities for altering the gut microbiota to prevent or treat disease or to reduce disease risk. Recognizing that the gut microbiota can be manipulated by diet, smoking, prebiotics, antibiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and FMT,83 attempts have been made to restore human health utilizing a variety of these approaches. However, there is a paucity of data reflecting their impact on the gut virome.
FMT is a successful treatment for refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), with cure rates of 87%.84 FMT also shows promise in IBD, although additional studies are required as current findings indicate donor selection is crucial for successful outcome.85–88 While shifts in bacterial communities using FMT are well established, less is known on its role in altering the gut virome and its influence on disease activity. A recent study assessing FMT in the treatment of CDI showed that CDI patients who responded to FMT took on a more significant donor-derived enteric virome component compared to nonresponders. In addition, all recipients infused with donor feces containing greater Caudovirales richness than the recipient were cured.51 Furthermore, it suggested that responders to FMT has significantly lower eukaryotic virome richness than nonresponders at baseline.89 These studies highlight that restoration of virome communities are as important as the bacterial component, with donor selection – based on virome characteristics – needing to become more considered. A further study reported outcomes following treatment of CDI using sterile aecal filtrate transfer.90 This filtrate contained only the bacterial debris, proteins, antimicrobial compounds, metabolic products and oligonucleotides/DNA rather than intact microorganisms. Following the fecal filtrate administration, fecal samples were dominated by Lactococcus bacteriophages and the phageome of the patient was substantially altered, which persisted after 6 weeks. Broecker and colleagues used FMT to treat CDI and found phages were equally abundant in the treatment-responsive patient and donor.91 They also found that a healthy microbiota appears to be characterized by low phage abundance and that patients receiving FMT established a virome that was similar to that of the donor.47 They therefore suggested that FMT transferred a core population of viruses. Significantly, on longer-term follow up they found phage communities of the treated patient remained similar to those of the donor in composition diversity and richness. These studies suggest that FMT may in some way alter the gut virome, but limitations in our ability to fully characterize the gut virome limits our understanding of how they are transferred and their specific role in response to FMT.
The metagenomic assessment of the gut virome has also been performed in a solitary patient with refractory CDI who was followed up over a period of nearly 5 years after FMT.47,92 In this study, the virome profile remained stable and donor-like over the period of sequential follow up, suggesting stabilization of the gut virome over time. There are no definitive phages identified against C. difficile so far and this may preclude their definitive role in causation of this infection.93 However, the virome may play a role in clearance of CDI, as the study by Zuo and colleagues showed that recipients treated with donor feces consisting of a greater richness of Caudovirales than that of the recipient were all cured with FMT.51
Only a single study to date has reported on changes in the virome of FMT in the context of IBD. The study by Chehoud and colleagues investigated the impact of a single healthy adult donor and three pediatric UC recipient patients who received 22–30 FMT treatments over the course of 6–12 weeks. Using metagenomics, samples from the donor and the three recipients (before, during and after FMT treatment) were assessed and showed that treatment of UC using FMT was associated with the transfer of numerous temperate phages, but no viruses corresponding to pathogenic viruses that infect human cells were detected.94 The authors proposed that the transfer of phages was a characteristic of FMT although the stability of phage populations or the long-term clinical significance of phage transfer requires further investigation.
Conclusions/perspective
Characterization of the gut virome is still in its infancy, with a requirement for new viruses to be identified and characterized in order that its full functional impact can be defined. We are a very long way from proving Koch’s postulates of disease causality for the gut virome and its constituents. Major questions remain in order to allow the field to move forward (Box 2). The continued evolution of high-throughput sequencing accessibility is allowing our understanding of the gut virome to increase exponentially, but this still lags behind our ability to interrogate other components of the gut microbiota. The ‘elephant in the room’ remains that our understanding of viromes to date is principally built and based on fragments of sequences and fragmented genomes of prophages which may not generate productive/infective phages. It is highly possible that the gut virome may be an undiscovered entity in understanding disease pathways that contribute to the inflammatory process. However, in order to discover this, consideration of the gut virome needs to parallel that of gut bacterial and fungal diversity. Once the intrinsic tripartite relationship between the three components of the gut microbiome is clearly understood and its alteration documented in IBD, the field of microbial-based IBD therapeutics will be transformed.
Major questions that remain to be answered in order to allow the gut virome field to move forward.
How should controls be selected? What is an appropriate control/comparator group for virome studies in different healthy or diseased cohorts? Such a group needs to account or exclude key confounders of individual microbiome variability, such as age, sex, lifestyle, environment, geography and behavior that can all to some extent impact on the structure and function of microbiomes in the short or long term. The use of related individuals living in the same household and environment may be a better comparator group than unrelated randomly sourced individuals. 2. What sampling approach to use? Cross-study comparisons of datasets is difficult if not impossible due to differences in sample collection, handling, storage and processing (e.g. VLP isolation, DNA/RNA extraction, sequencing platforms and parameters). There is an urgent need to develop standardized protocols and establish Gold Standard procedures and protocols.95 3. Viromics. There is currently no open-access, easy-to-use bioinformatics pipeline that uses raw sequence reads that can remove host DNA, search for bacterial contaminants, and assign taxonomy and functionality to viruses within a sample. Innovative viromics tools have recently been described for characterizing aquatic viromes (e.g. iVirus96), although their application to human virome analyses is limited by the need to incorporate modifications to filter out nonviral sequences.
Footnotes
Contributed by
Contributors: All authors contributed equally to the literature search, preparation of figures and panels, and writing of the manuscript.
Funding: IM and GH would like to acknowledge support from the Fellowship Support Award (Grant code: RG12724-15) through the Wellcome Trust Institutional Strategic Support Fund (ISSF @ Aberdeen).
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in preparing this article.
Glossary:Antibiotic resistance: the ability of bacteria and other microorganisms to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive.
Bacteriophage: any virus that can infect and live within a bacterium, replicating itself and which usually destroys its host.
Bioinformatics: computational approaches to the analysis, management and storage of biological data.
Colitis: inflammation of the colon/large intestine.
CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats are segments of prokaryotic DNA that can be used to facilitate genome editing.
Dysbiosis: an imbalance in microbial diversity that is usually characterized by a decrease in specific members and an increase in other members – usually with less beneficial properties.
Enrichment cultures: growth medium with specific factors that will support the growth of a particular microorganism while inhibiting the growth of others.
Faecal biotherapy: classification of all processes that transfer faecal microbes from a donor to a recipient.
Faecal microbial transplantation (FMT): the process of transferring faecal bacteria from a donor (healthy individual) to a recipient.
Gram-negative commensal-dependent NF-ĸB signalling: The process through which Gram-negative commensal bacteria in the gut activate NF-kappaB immune signaling to maintain a constant state of physiological inflammation in the gut.
Gut bacterial community: the collection of bacteria which resides in the gut. In humans this usually comprises predominantly of members of the Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla.
Gut virome: the collection of viruses that inhabits the gut environment and which is known to be highly individual.
High-throughput sequencing: techniques that allow the genetic code of the DNA sequence to be elucidated through the use of rapid analysis methods.
Horizontal gene transfer: movement of genetic material between organisms rather than through vertical transmission – that is, parent to offspring.
Host–microbial homeostasis: the coevolution of the host and its resident commensal microbiota to the mutual benefit of all stakeholders.
Immunocompromised: a state in which an individual’s immune system is weakened or absent and therefore less able to fight infections.
Immunosuppression: a reduction in the activation or efficacy of the immune system
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): an umbrella term for chronic inflammatory diseases of the bowel, including CD and UC.
Intestinal microbiome: the collective genomes of all microorganisms in the gut ecosystem.
Metagenomic sequencing: direct sequencing or genetic analysis of all genomes contained within a sample.
Microbial transfer experiment: transfer of microbial material from a donor to a recipient.
Monozygotic twins: twins who develop from one zygote, meaning they share identical genetic information.
Pathobionts: any potentially pathological or disease-causing organism.
Prebiotic: nondigestible foodstuff that induces the growth or activity of microorganisms (e.g. bacteria and fungi) that contribute to the well-being of their host.
Precision medicine: medical care designed to optimize therapeutic benefit for specific patients based on individual patient profiling.
Probiotic: live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host.
Refractory C. difficile infection: antibiotic resistant C. difficile infection.
Restriction modification system (bacterial): a bacterial defence system against invading foreign unmethylated DNA, such as from phages and plasmids. Unmethylated DNA sites are recognized and cleaved by specific bacterial restriction endonucleases.
Transkingdom interactions: signalling/communication between organisms belonging to different phylogenetic kingdoms, such as bacteria and viruses.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): a form of microscopy derived from electrons that have been passed through a specimen and in which the whole image is formed.
Virulence factor: molecules produced by microorganisms to enhance their ability to colonize their host.
Virus-like particles (VLPs): multimeric, often multiprotein nanostructure assembled from viral structural proteins.
Western diet: a diet containing high levels of fat and sugar compared to a standard diet, to mimic the high caloric intake of the diet of the Western world.
Search strategy and selection criteria: References for this review were identified through searches of PubMed, Medline and Embase with the search terms ‘gut microbiota’, ‘virome’, ‘bacteriophage’, ‘inflammatory bowel disease’ and ‘metagenomics’, without language restrictions, from their origin until April 2018. We focused on original articles, reviews and meta-analyses. Articles were also identified through searches of the authors’ own files. Only papers published in English were reviewed. We included literature and other data sources that we judged to be important and timely contributions to this topic. The final reference list was generated on the basis of originality and relevance to the broad scope of this review.
Contributor Information
Indrani Mukhopadhya, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK Gut Health Group, The Rowett Institute, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
Jonathan P. Segal, St. Mark’s Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, UK Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, UK.
Simon R. Carding, Gut Microbes and Health Research Programme, The Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, UK.
Ailsa L. Hart, St. Mark’s Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, UK Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Department of Surgery and Cancer, London, UK.
Georgina L. Hold, Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia.
Medical Science Researchers with infinitely more intelligence, integrity and knowledge do not agree with Fauci, Birx, Gates or Trump, who are all just opportunistic politicians who can demand that you believe their lies under coercive force, duress, and threat of punishment or death. These tyrants can and are forcing you to take so-called preventive measures that will ultimately kill you and your family.
I realize most will not take the time to educate themselves on the subject, but just stop, take a breath, turn off the TV and think for a minute. There is not one single thing they are saying and doing that makes even one ounce of sense. Are you so addled that you can no longer think or apply logic to a situation? Before you get your mask on, stand in the vaccination line maintaining social distancing, think, think and think some more. Once you accept the vaccine, there is no retreat.